aos 1 : growth and development

Question 1

when does the human lifespan start and end?

Answer 1

starts at conception, ends at death

Question 2

describe the prenatal stage.

Answer 2

the prenatal stage starts at fertilisation and ends at birth. in this stage, there is rapid development of bodily organs and structures.

Question 3

describe the infancy stage.

Answer 3

infancy starts at birth and ends at 2 years of age. in this stage, rapid growth continues to occur and motor skills develop.

Question 4

describe the early childhood stage.

Answer 4

early childhood starts at 2 years of age and ends at 6 years of age. in this stage, slow and steady growth occurs. many ‘firsts’ occur and the child starts learning social skills.

Question 5

describe the late childhood stage.

Answer 5

late childhood starts at 6 years and ends at 12 years of age. in this stage, slow and steady growth occurs. many PIES changes.

Question 6

describe the youth stage.

Answer 6

youth starts at 12 years and ends at 18 years of age. in this stage, rapid growth occurs. there is increase in independence, life goal development and sexual maturity.

Question 7

describe the early adulthood stage.

Answer 7

early adulthood starts at 18 years and ends at 40 years of age. in this stage, careers are started, intimate relationships/marriages occur, body reaches physical peak.

Question 8

describe the middle adulthood stage.

Answer 8

middle adulthood starts at 40 years and ends at 65 years of age. in this stage there is more stability as children leave home and financial security. physical signs of aging occur.

Question 9

describe the late adulthood stage.

Answer 9

late adulthood starts at 65 and ends at death. in this stage, there is often a change in lifestyle due to retirement. often individuals will reflect on life and feel grief due to death of friends/spouse.

Question 10

what are some common negative perceptions of youth?

Answer 10

lazy, narcissistic, slackers, uneducated, immature, feel entitled to a decent life with minimal work, more concerned about post likes than contributing to society.

Question 11

what are the four types of human development?

Answer 11

physical, intellectual, emotional, social.

Question 12

name the three aspects of physical development.

Answer 12

• growth
• changes to body systems
• motor skill development

Question 13

explain growth as part of physical development.

Answer 13

changes in the body due to the increased number and size of body cells.

Question 14

what are some factors that influence a person’s perception?

Answer 14

• past experiences with people in the lifespan stage
• media’s portrayal of people in the lifespan stage
• person’s own experience in the lifespan stage
• other people’s opinions
• politician’s and public speaker’s opinions of people in the lifespan stage
• person’s values and beliefs

Question 15

compare primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Answer 15

primary: parts of the body directly involved in reproduction
secondary: traits arising from changes during puberty, not directly related to reproduction

Question 16

explain changes to body systems as part of physical development.

Answer 16

changes to the structure and function of body systems.
- includes changes to sex organs
- ageing

Question 17

explain motor skill development as part of physical development.

Answer 17

control of the muscles in the body.

Question 18

compare gross and fine motor skills.

Answer 18

gross: involve large muscle groups
fine: involve small muscle groups

Question 19

name the 5 aspects of intellectual development.

Answer 19

• knowledge and memory
• language
• thought patterns and problem solving
• creativity and imagination
• attention

Question 20

explain knowledge and memory as part of intellectual development.

Answer 20

knowledge becomes more complex as individuals develop and recall ability changes. memory declines in the later part of adulthood.

Question 21

explain language as part of intellectual development.

Answer 21

develops throughout the lifespan from sounds to words and sentences. exposure to media can develop meaning of words.

Question 22

explain thought processes and problem-solving as part of intellectual development.

Answer 22

the way an individual thinks changes as they develop from concrete thought to abstract thought. during youth, brain structures mature and abstract thought develops.

Question 23

explain creativity and imagination as part of intellectual development.

Answer 23

imaginative play is essential for optimal development during childhood. during youth, individuals may lose their creative skills if not promoted.

Question 24

explain attention as part of intellectual development.

Answer 24

ability to focus on one aspect of the environment while ignoring others. the ability to focus develops with age. during youth, the ability to remain attentive develops in youth especially if the individual develops an interest.

Question 25

name the 4 aspects of emotional development.

Answer 25

• developing self-concept
• experiencing full range of emotions
• learning appropriate ways of expressing emotions
• building resilience

Question 26

explain self-concept as part of emotional development.

Answer 26

how individuals see themselves develops over time as they experience various aspects of life.

Question 27

explain ‘experiencing the full range of emotions’ as part of emotional development.

Answer 27

young children experience the basic emotions of happiness and anger one at a time. as they develop, they can experience mixed emotions at once. with age, emotional development includes the ability to recognise emotions and how to respond appropriately.

Question 28

explain resilience as part of emotional development.

Answer 28

ability to effectively deal with adverse or negative events throughout life.
resilience can be promoted through meditation, talking to others, positive self-talk, etc.

Question 29

explain ‘expressing emotions’ as part of emotional development.

Answer 29

takes time to develop appropriate ways of responding to complex emotions such as desire, guilt and jealousy.

Question 30

name the 4 aspects of social development.

Answer 30

• behaviours
• social roles and expectations
• communication skills
• relationship skills

Question 31

explain behaviour as part of social development.

Answer 31

as people develop socially, they learn to behave appropriately enabling positive social interaction.

Question 32

explain social roles as part of social development.

Answer 32

learning the expectations by the various aspects of the community as they act appropriately in given situations. gender roles are often learnt in childhood and reinforced all throughout the lifespan.

Question 33

explain relationship skills as part of social development.

Answer 33

ability to form meaningful relationships increases through social development, such as resolving conflict and open communication. this is refined over time and requires mutual respect.

Question 34

explain communication skills as part of social development.

Answer 34

ability to clearly and effectively communicate is an essential part of social development.

Question 35

what is a relationship?

Answer 35

connection between two or more people. they are complex and dynamic.

Question 36

name the 6 types of relationships.

Answer 36

• family
• friendships
• intimate
• online
• professional
• mentors

Question 37

name and summarise the 4 parenting styles.

Answer 37

• authoritarian (children must follow rules without exception)
• authoritative (children must follow rules with exception)
• permissive (active in child’s life, but show little discipline)
• uninvolved (not active in child’s life)

Question 38

name the 7 pillars of a healthy relationship.

Answer 38

• respect
• trust
• honesty
• loyalty
• empathy
• safety
• equality

Question 39

compare unhealthy relationships with abuse.

Answer 39

unhealthy relationships occur when a person feels uncomfortable, put down, not appreciated, feels embarrassed, scared, vulnerable or disappointed.
abuse occurs when an unhealthy relationship turns extreme, and can be either physical, emotional or sexual.