AO3- Approaches to understanding learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

a relativley permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experiences

Question 2

Conditioning

Answer 2

Learning process by which the behaviour of an organism becomes independent on an event or stimulus in the enviornment.

Question 3

Classical Conditioning (CC)

Answer 3

Type of learning that occurs through the repeated association of two or more different stimuli.

Question 4

Stimulus:

Answer 4

Any object or event that elicits (produces) a response from an organism.

Question 5

Response

Answer 5

a reaction by an organism to a stimulus

Question 6

The unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 6

Any stimulus that constantly produces a particular naturally occurring, automated response

In pavlow→ Food= UCS
Placement of nipple in a newborn infant’s mouths=UCS

Question 7

The unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 7

The response occurs automatically when UCS is presented.UCR is a reflective involuntary response that is caused by UCS.

In pavlo= salvation by the presence of food

Question 8

The Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 8

Any stimulus that does not normally produce a predictable response

IN pavlo dogs dont salivate by the bell

Question 9

Conditioned Response (CS)

Answer 9

Stimulus that is -neutral’ at the start of the conditioning repsoonse but eventually produces a very similar response that is caused by the UCS

Question 10

The conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 10

The learned or acquired response to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 11

The three phase model of conditioning

Answer 11

Before, during, after

Question 12

Acquisition

Answer 12

to describe the overall process during which an organsim learns to associate two events the NS and UCS.

Question 13

Operant conditioning (OS)

Answer 13

learning process whereby the consequences of a behviour (rewards +punishments) determines the likehood that it will be perfomred again in the future.

Question 14

Operant

Answer 14

any repsonse (or set of repsone) that acts on the enviornment to produce some kind of consequence.

Question 15

The three phase model of Operant conditiong (ABC model)

Answer 15

Antecedent (A)= a stimulus that occurs before the behaviour

The behaviour (B) =that occurs due to the antecedent

Consequences (C)= To the behaviour

Question 16

Operant conditiong

Answer 16

a learning process whereby the consequences of a behaviour (rewards or punishments) determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future see also the three-phase model of operant conditioning.

Question 17

Antecedent

Answer 17

the enviornmental stimulus that prcedes relevant behaviour and identifies a conseqence.

Question 18

behaviour

Answer 18

Voluntary activity that affects the enviornment

Question 19

Consequences

Answer 19

the enviornmental event that follows the behaviour.
–> it occurs immediately after the relevant behabiour and has effect on the recurrnec of the behaviour.

Question 20

Reinforcement/ reinforcers

Answer 20

a process on any stimulus strengthens/ increases the frequency/likelihood of a response that it follows.

Question 21

Reinforce

Answer 21

to strengthen/ support an existing feeling, idea or habit

Question 22

Positive reinforcement

Answer 22

presentation of a positive reinforcer following a desired response.

Question 23

Positive reinforcer

Answer 23

• stimulus that strengthens/increases the likelihood/frequency of a desired response. addution to a desirbale stimulus.
  E.G in the experiment the rats were conditioned to press a lever to obtain food This was used as a positive reinforcer for making correct responses- pressing the lever would achieve satisfying consequences when hungry.