AO2 Theorists for gender and sexuality Flashcards
What does Montgomery suggest?
“The English Language is systematically skewed to present women as second-class citizens”
What does Lakoff suggest in 1975 about women?
That they use super polite form, hedging, empty adjectives, tag questions, no sense of humour and avoid taboo language
What kind of model is Lakoff?
The deficit model
What did Fishman suggest in 1983?
“Conversational shitwork” meaning that women work harder to keep conversations going and try harder to save positive face
What does Fishman say in 1990?
The average time a man will speak in a mixed sex conversation will be more than women- men aren’t bothered about breaking politeness and positive face
What does Zimmerman and west suggest?
In mixed sex conversations 96% of interruptions were men and 4% were women from 11 segments of conversation with white middle class men
What type of model is Zimmerman and west?
The dominance model
What is the Howard Giles accommodation theory?
We change our language to fit in either by converging or diverging language to fit in sociolect in a closed language community and maintain face- links to Fishman
What did Tannen do?
Differences between male and female language in the workplace
What are Tannens six verses?
Status vs support, independence vs intimacy, advice vs understanding, information vs feelings, orders vs proposals and conflict vs compromise
What does Dale spender explore in 1980?
Language is seen as the ‘norm’ because we live in a patriarchal society where the men are in charge- phallocentric
What is the nature vs nurture debate?
Nature is your in built personality and nurture is how you are socialised
What is rapport talk which is said to be used by women?
Women speak with emotion. To save face, use language to build and sustain rapports
What is report talk that men are said to use ?
Men speak informatively , direct with no Phatic talk, declarative and referential talk?
What does koenraad kiuper (1991)?
Found that all male talk amongst member of a rugby team, men were likely to pay less attention to the need to save face but instead use hyper masculine performance of insults
What does Judith butler discuss?
Gender performativity ie how men and women put on a performance to save and maintain face
What does Jennifer Coates argue in 1989?
Women use hedges to avoid face threatening acts and women are more likely to favour cooperation and bonding
What does Deborah Jones study in 1990?
House talk, scandal talk, bitching and chatting
What does Geoffrey Beattie suggest ?
96 hours of mixed gender conversation
And found little difference
What does pilkington suggest in 1992?
Women in sane sex talk were more collaborative than men were in all male talk. Men are less complementary and supportive
What does Jenny Cheshire suggest?
A group of boys in a playground context used more non standard forms, the leader used the most
What does Janet Holmes study in1992?
Suggest tag questions may not suggest uncertainty, but may maintain a discussion a discussion and be polite - hedges and fillers may act as politeness
What does Robin Lakoff suggest in sexuality?
Gay speech resembles women’s speech deliberately imitating women’s speech using superlative or inflected intonation
What is polari?
A secret language that the gay community used before the decriminalisation of sexual acts between gay men in 1967
What is the male gaze by mulvey?
Women are over-sexualised and the object of sexualising
What does code switching suggest?
Quickly changing what are how you say something depending on context links to polari
What does podesva discuss?
An example of code switching where a gay lawyer is being interviewed about anti-gay discrimination on the radio so he balances sounding recognisably gay and educated
What does Coates and Jordan explore in 1997?
Gay men sound like women whereas women’s language is determined by them being women not lesbian
What does Kulik suggest?
Homosexuals can be “spotted” due to their language m
What is Lakoff politeness principle?
Don’t impose give options and make the receiver feel good
What does chambers argue?
Tv show produces and reproduces the norms of gender and sexuality that are our lived reality eg the story of a gay person coming out
What is the prescriptive gender theory by Butler?
Gender is never merely “descriptive but prescriptive” as soon as the midwife utters it’s a girl or a boy we are expected to act in a girlish or boyish way
What are heteronormative terms?
These terms are anything which supports heterosexuality as the norm
What does Valentova and Havlicek suggest?
You can tell wether men are homosexual are homosexual based on their voice or looks
What does motschenbasher et all study in Lancaster Uni?
Gender performativity and a non normative gender performance is seen as indicative of a non-normative sexual identity
What does bent, Munson et all suggest?
Influence of sexual orientation on vowel production found these no innate difference at birth and that homosexuals adopt their speech patterns in order to fit in a social group (convergence theory)
What are heterosexist terms?
Terms that give any negative connotations to anything female eg calling a male a girl
What does Paul baker suggest?
Gay language is characterised by acronyms, play on words, double meaning and a range of lexis only intended to be understood by the gay community.
What does Bill Leap suggest?
LGBT community communicate in way that are different from the linguistic practices of straight persons
What does David Crystal suggest ?
Gay men’s speech is effeminate. Wider pitch range, glissando effects between stressed syllables and use of falsetto
Grices maxims: what is the maxim of quantity?
Where one tries to be as informative as one possible can, and gives as much information as needed, and no more
What is the maxim of quality?
Where one tries to be truthful, and does not give information that is false or that is not supported by evidence
What is the maxim of relation?
Where one tries to be relevant, and says things that are pertinent to the discussion
What is the maxim of manner?
When one tries to be as clear, as brief. And as orderly as one can in what one says, and avoids obscurity and ambiguity
