AO2 Theorists for gender and sexuality

Question 1

What does Montgomery suggest?

Answer 1

“The English Language is systematically skewed to present women as second-class citizens”

Question 2

What does Lakoff suggest in 1975 about women?

Answer 2

That they use super polite form, hedging, empty adjectives, tag questions, no sense of humour and avoid taboo language

Question 3

What kind of model is Lakoff?

Answer 3

The deficit model

Question 4

What did Fishman suggest in 1983?

Answer 4

“Conversational shitwork” meaning that women work harder to keep conversations going and try harder to save positive face

Question 5

What does Fishman say in 1990?

Answer 5

The average time a man will speak in a mixed sex conversation will be more than women- men aren’t bothered about breaking politeness and positive face

Question 6

What does Zimmerman and west suggest?

Answer 6

In mixed sex conversations 96% of interruptions were men and 4% were women from 11 segments of conversation with white middle class men

Question 7

What type of model is Zimmerman and west?

Answer 7

The dominance model

Question 8

What is the Howard Giles accommodation theory?

Answer 8

We change our language to fit in either by converging or diverging language to fit in sociolect in a closed language community and maintain face- links to Fishman

Question 9

What did Tannen do?

Answer 9

Differences between male and female language in the workplace

Question 10

What are Tannens six verses?

Answer 10

Status vs support, independence vs intimacy, advice vs understanding, information vs feelings, orders vs proposals and conflict vs compromise

Question 11

What does Dale spender explore in 1980?

Answer 11

Language is seen as the ‘norm’ because we live in a patriarchal society where the men are in charge- phallocentric

Question 12

What is the nature vs nurture debate?

Answer 12

Nature is your in built personality and nurture is how you are socialised

Question 13

What is rapport talk which is said to be used by women?

Answer 13

Women speak with emotion. To save face, use language to build and sustain rapports

Question 14

What is report talk that men are said to use ?

Answer 14

Men speak informatively , direct with no Phatic talk, declarative and referential talk?

Question 15

What does koenraad kiuper (1991)?

Answer 15

Found that all male talk amongst member of a rugby team, men were likely to pay less attention to the need to save face but instead use hyper masculine performance of insults

Question 16

What does Judith butler discuss?

Answer 16

Gender performativity ie how men and women put on a performance to save and maintain face

Question 17

What does Jennifer Coates argue in 1989?

Answer 17

Women use hedges to avoid face threatening acts and women are more likely to favour cooperation and bonding

Question 18

What does Deborah Jones study in 1990?

Answer 18

House talk, scandal talk, bitching and chatting

Question 19

What does Geoffrey Beattie suggest ?

Answer 19

96 hours of mixed gender conversation

And found little difference

Question 20

What does pilkington suggest in 1992?

Answer 20

Women in sane sex talk were more collaborative than men were in all male talk. Men are less complementary and supportive

Question 21

What does Jenny Cheshire suggest?

Answer 21

A group of boys in a playground context used more non standard forms, the leader used the most

Question 22

What does Janet Holmes study in1992?

Answer 22

Suggest tag questions may not suggest uncertainty, but may maintain a discussion a discussion and be polite - hedges and fillers may act as politeness

Question 23

What does Robin Lakoff suggest in sexuality?

Answer 23

Gay speech resembles women’s speech deliberately imitating women’s speech using superlative or inflected intonation

Question 24

What is polari?

Answer 24

A secret language that the gay community used before the decriminalisation of sexual acts between gay men in 1967

Question 25

What is the male gaze by mulvey?

Answer 25

Women are over-sexualised and the object of sexualising

Question 26

What does code switching suggest?

Answer 26

Quickly changing what are how you say something depending on context links to polari

Question 27

What does podesva discuss?

Answer 27

An example of code switching where a gay lawyer is being interviewed about anti-gay discrimination on the radio so he balances sounding recognisably gay and educated

Question 28

What does Coates and Jordan explore in 1997?

Answer 28

Gay men sound like women whereas women’s language is determined by them being women not lesbian

Question 29

What does Kulik suggest?

Answer 29

Homosexuals can be “spotted” due to their language m

Question 30

What is Lakoff politeness principle?

Answer 30

Don’t impose give options and make the receiver feel good

Question 31

What does chambers argue?

Answer 31

Tv show produces and reproduces the norms of gender and sexuality that are our lived reality eg the story of a gay person coming out

Question 32

What is the prescriptive gender theory by Butler?

Answer 32

Gender is never merely “descriptive but prescriptive” as soon as the midwife utters it’s a girl or a boy we are expected to act in a girlish or boyish way

Question 33

What are heteronormative terms?

Answer 33

These terms are anything which supports heterosexuality as the norm

Question 34

What does Valentova and Havlicek suggest?

Answer 34

You can tell wether men are homosexual are homosexual based on their voice or looks

Question 35

What does motschenbasher et all study in Lancaster Uni?

Answer 35

Gender performativity and a non normative gender performance is seen as indicative of a non-normative sexual identity

Question 36

What does bent, Munson et all suggest?

Answer 36

Influence of sexual orientation on vowel production found these no innate difference at birth and that homosexuals adopt their speech patterns in order to fit in a social group (convergence theory)

Question 37

What are heterosexist terms?

Answer 37

Terms that give any negative connotations to anything female eg calling a male a girl

Question 38

What does Paul baker suggest?

Answer 38

Gay language is characterised by acronyms, play on words, double meaning and a range of lexis only intended to be understood by the gay community.

Question 39

What does Bill Leap suggest?

Answer 39

LGBT community communicate in way that are different from the linguistic practices of straight persons

Question 40

What does David Crystal suggest ?

Answer 40

Gay men’s speech is effeminate. Wider pitch range, glissando effects between stressed syllables and use of falsetto

Question 41

Grices maxims: what is the maxim of quantity?

Answer 41

Where one tries to be as informative as one possible can, and gives as much information as needed, and no more

Question 42

What is the maxim of quality?

Answer 42

Where one tries to be truthful, and does not give information that is false or that is not supported by evidence

Question 43

What is the maxim of relation?

Answer 43

Where one tries to be relevant, and says things that are pertinent to the discussion

Question 44

What is the maxim of manner?

Answer 44

When one tries to be as clear, as brief. And as orderly as one can in what one says, and avoids obscurity and ambiguity