AO1- Topic Summary Memory Flashcards
What is the A1 for coding capacity and duration?
Coding capacity & duration
1.Definitions for sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory.
2. Digit span (Jacobs 1887): 9.3 numbers and 7.3 letters.
3. Magic number (Miller 1956): 7 +/- 2 item.
4. Chunky
STM
1. Peterson and Peterson 1959: Showed STM<18s
2. Bahrick et al 1975: school photo recognition at 90 and 70% 15 and 48 year.
Coding
1. Baddely 1966: immediate and delayed recall disrupted by acoustically similar and semantically similar words, respectively.
What is the A1 for the multi-store memory model?
Attkinson & Shiffrin (1968)
1. Diagram of model components and processes.
2. Sensory register, (coding capacity and duration; ionic echoic and haptic).
3. Short term memory, (coding capacity and duration; decay and displacement).
4. Long-term memory, coding capacity and duration; rehearsal and retrieval.
What is the AO1 for working memory model?
Baddeley & Hitch (1974): working memory model
1. Defs for: central executive, phonological loop, articulately control system, visuospatial scratchpad, visual cache, inner scribe and episodic buffer.
2. Baddeley et al ( 1975): word length effect
3. Logie (1995): subdivision of visual cache & inner scribe
4. Baddeley & Hitch: dual task separation of CE & PL.
5. Baddeley (2000): episodic buffer.
What is the AO1 for long-term memory?
Declarative & Non-declarative
1. Tulving (1967):
1.Episodic (declarative, time-stamped).
Autobiographical events, detail, emotions.
2. Semantic (declarative)
Knowledge
3. Procedural
Complex motor tasks.
What is the AO1 for forgetting, interference?
- Retroactive interference
Newer memory interferes with older. - Proactive interference
Older memory interferes with newer. - McGeoch & McDonald (1931):
Memory impaired most by interference of symptoms in 2 lists.
What is the AO1 for forgetting retrieval failure?
- Tulving & Thompson (1973):
Encoding-specificity principle. - Context dependent forgetting
Godden & Baddeley (1975): location encoding/retrieval congruency affected retrieval. - Carter & Cassaday (1998): state encoding/retrieval congruency affected semantic memory.
What is the A1 for eyewitness testimony: misleading information?
Misleading information: Loftus & Palmer (1974):
1. Study design leading question critical question distracted question; independent variable and dependent variable.
2. Results: estimated speed higher for smashed than other verbs.
3. Interpretation: response bias versus substitution.
4. Study 2: 32% (smashed condition) versus 14% (hit condition) endorsed broken glass question.
Post-event discussion: Gabbert et al. (2003):
1. Study design.
2. Results: 71% in co-witness group recalled info they had not seen; 60% of co-witness group said girl was guilty.
3. Interpretations: memory contamination vs conformity.
What is the AO1 for eye witness testimony?
- Definition of anxiety
- Anxiety can a negative effect on recall
Johnson & Scott :witnesses to a real life murder more accurate with high vs low stress (88 vs 75%). - Weapons focus effect:
Johnson and Scott (1976) 33% vs 49% identified target subject in bloody knife vs greasy pen condition. - Differential effect may be explained by the Yerkes- Dodson Law:
Inverted-U shape of performance of rats in mazes with electric shocks.
Deffenbacher et al (1983): review of 21 anxiety studies supported the Yerkes- Dodson principle.
What is the A1 cognitive interview?
• Fisher & Geiselman:
• Report everything (details act as cues)
• Reinstate the context (overcomes encoding
specificity principle)
• Reverse the order (overcomes use of schemas)
• Change perspective (overcomes use of schemas)
• Fisher et al. (1987):
• Enhanced cognitive interview
• Use of eye contact
• Remove distractions in room
• Reduce anxiety
• Witness speaks slowly
• Ask open-ended questions
