AO1 terminology Flashcards
what are open word classes?
continually changing words eg nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs
common noun
general idea (non specific)
e.g dog
concrete nouns
something physical (can touch)
e.g a pen
abstract nouns
an idea
e.g happiness, love
collective nouns
describes a collective
e.g team or family
regular verbs
to change to past tense you add -ed
e.g walk -> walked
irregular verbs
to change to past tense you don’t add -ed
e.g feel -> felt or run -> ran
finite verbs
an act that ends
e.g walked
non-finite verbs
an act that doesn’t end
e.g sleeping
primary auxiliary verbs
be, do and have
modal auxiliary verbs
all modal verbs
e.g must, could, should
dynamic verbs
indicates an action
e.g run, jump
stative verb
expresses a condition
e.g love, care
pre-modifying adjectives
before a noun
post-modifying adjectives
after the noun
comparative nouns
compares two subjects and ends in -er (typically)
e.g more beautiful than
superlative adjectives
ends in -st and used to describe an object at the upper/lower limit of quality
manner adverb
how something happens
e.g quickly
time adverbs
how long/when
e.g usually
frequency adverbs
how often
e.g frequently
place adverbs
where it happens
e.g everywhere
degree adverbs
the intensity of a verb
e.g very
what are closed word classes?
changes slowly and stays constant over time
e.g pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions
reflexive pronouns
refers back to the subject
e.g themselves
personal pronouns
substitutes the proper name of a person
e.g she, yours
possessive pronouns
indicates an ownership
e.g ours, mine
interrogative pronouns
used to introduce a question
e.g who, whom, what, which, whose
reciprocal pronouns
indicates a mutual action
e.g one another
relative pronouns
introduces a relative clause
e.g which, that
demonstrative pronouns
used to point to specific people or things
e.g this, that
articles
provides context and introduces a noun
e.g a, an, the
definite article
a specific noun
(the)
indefinite article
a general version of the noun
(a,an)
possessive article
a noun that belongs to someone else
e.g his, my, hers
time prepositions
when something happens
e.g until, before
place prepositions
refers to where something is located
e.g in, on, at
co-ordinating conjunctions
joins phrases/words of equal value
e.g but, yet, for
sub-ordinating conjunctions
links a dependent clause to an independent
e.g once, while, where
colloquial language
informal language
registers
how informal/formal a text is
What is a Simile?
uses words ‘like’ or ‘as’ to compare one object or idea with another suggesting a likeness
What is a Metaphor?
states a fact by using a comparison e.g you are what you eat
What is personification?
where human characteristics are given to an animal or object e.g the trees wept
What is hyperbole?
used to sensationalise as it exaggerates e.g he was so hungry he ate the whole cornfield for lunch.
What are idioms?
a meaning that cannot be derived from the conjoined meanings of its elements e.g it’s raining cats and dogs
what are cliches?
an expression used so often it becomes boring e.g many hands make light work
What is a declarative sentence?
tells about something
What is an interrogative?
asks about something
what is an imperative?
tells someone to do something
what is an exclamatory?
shows a strong feeling, ends in ‘!’
what is active voice?
putting the subject at the start of the sentence e.g john smashed the window
what is passive voice?
putting the subject last in a sentence to remove emphasis e.g the window was smashed by john
What is an SVO structure?
subject - verb - object
What is an SVA structure?
subject - verb - adjunct (adverb)
what is the SVC structure?
Subject - verb - complement
THE SUBJECT AND COMPLEMENT LINK E.G DAWN SEEMS HAPPY
What is an independent clause?
where a group of words can stand as a sentence alone
What is a dependent clause?
a group of words that can’t stand alone, contains a subject and a verb
What is a conditional clause?
starts with if, and is hypothetical
what is a relative clause?
starts with relative pronouns
what is an adverbial clause?
a dependent clause that functions as an adverb
What is a time clause?
says when something happens
what is a purpose clause?
indicates the purpose of an action
what is a reason clause?
indicates the reason for something
what is a concession clause?
makes two statements contrast
what is a place clause?
talks about the location of something
what is a comparison clause
states a comparison of size, skill or amount
what is a manner clause
talks about behaviour or the way something is done
what is a results clause?
indicates the result of an act or event
