AO Principles Of Fracture Management

Question 1

The physiologic effects of therapeutic ultrasound can be divided into two categories: thermal and non-thermal. What specific effects are attributed to each of these categories?

Answer 1

Thermal: Increased tissue, extensibility, vascularity and temporary nerve blockade.
Non-thermal: compression and acceleration of the inflammatory phase; release of serotonin, enkephalins and endorphins.

Question 2

What are the two main indications for neuromuscular stimulation and canine patients? Give one common clinical example in a juvenile dog

Answer 2

Injuries requiring prolonged joint immobilization
Fractures with neurological impairment

Neuromuscular can prevent does use muscle, atrophy and muscle contracture, and can be especially useful in juvenile patients with femoral fractures (prevent quadriceps contracture)