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Pharmacology > anxiolytics and antidepressants > Flashcards

anxiolytics and antidepressants Flashcards

1
Q

describe the limbic system?

A

ascending arousal system which modulates activity through the brain; moods and emotions are controlled in this system

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2
Q

parts of the limbic system?

A

hypothalamus, amygdala, hippo-campus, nucleus accumbens, cingulate cortex, pre-frontal cortex

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3
Q

role of the hypothalamus within the limbic system?

A

maintains homoeostasis and motivational drives

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4
Q

role of amygdala within the limbic system?

A

recognises and responds to emotions

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5
Q

role of hippocampus within the limbic system?

A

long term storage of experiences and memory

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6
Q

role of nucleus accumbens within the limbic system?

A

involved in reward and pleasure

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7
Q

role of cingulate cortex?

A

registers pleasant and painful stimuli, is involved in aggression

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8
Q

role of prefrontal cortex within the limbic system?

A

deals with decision making and expression of mood

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9
Q

where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

in vesicles within the terminal of the pre-synaptic neurone

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10
Q

what are monoamine transmitters?

A

transmitters derived from amino acids; e.g. serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine

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11
Q

examples of serotonin releasers and their action?

A

fenfluramine, MDMA, ecstacy; act on the serotonin transporter, and inhibit the transport of serotonin into the cell, and facilitate its outward transport.

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12
Q

action of SERT inhibitors?

A

maintain higher levels of monoamines in the synaptic cleft

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13
Q

describe depression;

A

a mood disorder with a triad of symptoms; low or depressed mood (dysphoria), anhedonia, low energy of fatigue

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14
Q

describe bipolar disorder?

A

a manic-depressive illness; symptoms include elation, talkativeness, creativity, energy and confidence

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15
Q

which patients have high cortisol levels?

A

depressed patients; they have overactivity in the hypothalamus and amygdala

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16
Q

describe the mechanisms of the fight or flight response:

A

1) amygdala perceives stress/ fearful events. 2) hypothalamus releases CRH which activates the SNS (responsible for releasing adrenaline). 3) pituitary gland produces ACTH. 4) adrenal gland secretes cortisol. 5) physiological changes in response to stress. 6) cortisol feedback to glucocorticoid receptors

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17
Q

drug treatments for depression?

A

MAOI’s, tricyclic antidepressants, SSRI’s, miscellaneous antidepressants, mood stabilisers

18
Q

examples of MAOI’s and their action?

A

ipronidazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine - treat depression and bipolar; they non-selective blockers of the metabolism of monoamines

19
Q

action of tricyclic antidepressants ?

A

non-selectively block the re-uptake of noradrenaline and serotonin - used for depression and anxiety

20
Q

examples of tricyclic antideressants?

A

imipramine, amitriptyline, doxepin

21
Q

what are the most prescribed antidepressants?

A

SSRI’S; example, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, citaloram

22
Q

adverse effects of SSRIs?

A

sexual dysfunction, weight loss, dependence or withdrawal

23
Q

examples of mood stabilisers and their actions?

A

lithium carbonate, lithium citrate, carbamazepine, valporate - treat prophylaxis, mania and epilepsy

24
Q

most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

GABA

25
Q

examples of anxiolytics?

A

sedative hypnotics, benzodiazepines, non–benzodiazepines

26
Q

side effects of sedative hypnotics?

A

drowsiness, hangover

27
Q

examples of sedative hypnotics?

A

thiopental, secobarbital, phenobarbital, zolpidem

28
Q

examples of benzodiazepines and their function?

A

diazepam; anxiety and seizures. alprazolam; anxiety and panic. temazepam; insomnia. lorazepam; anxiety, sedation, amnesia

29
Q

side effects of benzodiazepines?

A

anticholinergic effects; headache, dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness, memory loss, hypotension, GI disturbances

30
Q

what is schizophrenia?

A

when patients are unable to separate real from unreal experiences - behaviour is often bizzare and inappropriate

31
Q

categories of schizophrenia?

A

disorganised, paranoid, catatonic

32
Q

“positive” symptoms of schizophrenia (symptoms that add something)

A

hallucinations, delusions, bizarre thoughts

33
Q

“negative” symptoms of schizophrenia? (symptoms that take away something)

A

social withdrawal, flattened mood, apathy

34
Q

categories of drugs that treat schizophrenia?

A

anti psychotics / neuroleptics, and atypical antipsychotics

35
Q

examples of antipsychotics / neuroleptics?

A

chloropromazine, fluphenazine, haoeidol, loxapine

36
Q

examples of atypical antipsychotics and their actions?

A

clozapine, amisulpride, isperidone, olanzepine - all manage schizophrenia, effective in treating both positive and negative symptoms

37
Q

which antipsychotic is used for treatment of schizophrenia and behavioural problems in children?

A

chlorpromazine

38
Q

adverse effects of MAOI’s?

A

inhibit noradrenaline breakdown in peripheral sympathetic system; increase BP. inhibit liver enzyme cytochrome P450. weight gain, oedema, sexual dysfunction, sedation

39
Q

contraindictations of MAOI;s?

A

do not use for; impaired renal or hepatic function, hypertension, pregnant or lactating women.

40
Q

examples of SSRI’s?

A

fluoexetine, paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram

41
Q

side effects of neuroleptics / antipsychotics

A

tremor, akinesia, muscle ridgitiy- parkinsonism, tardive dyskensia, sedation, hypotension, thermoregulation, lactation

42
Q

side effects of atypical antipsychotics?

A

headache, blurred vision, photosensitivity, insomnia, nervousness, dizziness, GI distress, glaucoma, peptic ulcer disease, urinary retention, dsyrhythmias, hepatic dysfunction, weight gain

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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