Anxiety Disorder

Question 1

Blood-Injury Phobia Inventory(BIPI)

Answer 1

A way of measuring blood-injury phobia. It comprises 18 situations involving blood and injections. These included cognitive, physiological and behavioral responses. The rating scale is 0-3(o=never, 1=sometimes, 2=almost always, 3=always)

Question 2

Generalized Anxiety Disorder(GAD-7)

Answer 2

A questionnaire screening test. It has 7 items which measure the severity of anxiety. The rating scale 0-3 refer to the frequency of occurrence of symptoms(0=not at all, 1=several days, 2=more than half the days and 3=nearly every day).

Question 3

Watson(1920)

Answer 3

Provided behavioral explanation of phobia. A normal, healthy 11-month-old infant known as “Little Albert” learnt fear towards fur things after associate a range of stimuli including a white rat and a rabbit to a loud noise which made the infant distressed.

Question 4

Freud (1909)

Answer 4

Provided psychoanalytic explanation of phobia. Freud suggested that anxiety and fear can result from the impulses of the id, usually when it is being denied or repressed. Hans, a five-year-old boy had horse phobia. Freud explained that horse represented Han’s father. Because of the phallic stage, Hans experienced anxiety related to his castration fear from his mother’s threat adn the banishment of Hans from his parents’ bed.

Question 5

Dinardo (1988)

Answer 5

Cognitive explanation. Dinardo examined the origin of cynophobia. Conditioning events, for example upsetting or painful encounters with dogs, were reported by 56% of fearful participants. Similar results were found in the non-fearful group, with 66% reporting similar conditioning events. All of the fearful participants expected to experience fear or come to harm during an encounter with a dog compared with a small minority of the non-fearful group.

Question 6

Ost(1992)

Answer 6

Biochemical/genetic explanation. Around 50% of blood phobics and 27% of injection phobics had one or more parents with the same fear. Around 21% of the blood phobics also reported having at least one sibling who shared the disorder.

Question 7

Ost(1989)

Answer 7

Applied tension.

Question 8

Wolpe(1958)

Answer 8

Systematic desensitization. Assumed that all behavior is a conditioned response to stimuli in the environment and all behaviors can be unlearnt. Wolpe introduced the idea of “reciprocal inhibition” which is the impossibility of feeling two strong and opposing emotions simultaneously. The therapy has stages: teach patient relaxation techniques; the patient and therapist work together to create an anxiety hierarchy; at each stage of the hierarchy, the patient is assisted to remain in a calm, relaxed state using their chosen technique.

Question 9

Ost&Westling(1995)

Answer 9

Cognitive behavioral therapy. Compared the effectiveness of CBT with applied relaxation(AR) in the treatment of individuals with panic disorder. 38 patients; 12 weekly sessions; one-year follow-up; rated using a self-report scale as well as self-observation of panic attacks.
CBT
1-identifying the misinterpretation of bodily sensations
2-participants were encouraged to generate alternative, non-catastrophic interpretations of their bodily sensations
3-the therapist challenged the patient’s evidence for their beliefs, using behavioral experiments to induce the misinterpreted sensations

Results showed no significant difference. No relapse in either group at follow-up.