Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patho > Anxiety/Depression > Flashcards

Anxiety/Depression Flashcards

1
Q

ACH

A

Excitatory or inhibitory depending on area of the brain. Underactivity is seen in alzheimer’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

Usually excitatory. Motivation, thought and emotional regulation. Overactivity in schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Norepinephrine(NE)
and epinephrine (E)

A

Excitatory or inhibitory, depending on area. Underactivity involved in some depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

Regulation of attention and complex cognitive function. Underactivity involved in depression and OCD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, aspartate, glycine

A

GABA and glycine are inhibitory, glutamate is excitatory. Implicated in anxiety disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of elation and irritability (______) with episodes of ______

A

mania, depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are things that you see in patients with mania?

A

decreased need for food and sleep, labile mood, irritability, racing thoughts, high distractibility, rapid and pressured speech, inflated self-esteem, excessive involvement with pleasurable activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The severity of mania can range from ________ (mood fluctuates between mild elation and depression) to severe _________

A

cyclothymia, delusional mania

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In bipolar disorder, rapid cycling occurs when an individual has _____ or more shifts in moods from normal with a ____ year period

A

4, 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bipolar I has recurrent episodes of _______ and _____

A

mania and depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bipolar I

A

Can be separated by months or years
Most severe form of the disorder
Can be accompanied by delusional beliefs or hallucinations
Can require hospitalization and impair daily functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bipolar II

A

hypomania and depression
Less severe forms of mania
Elevated mood, no delusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is kindling?

A

phenomenon in which a stressor creates an electrophysiologic vulnerability to future stressful events by causing long-lasting changes in neuronal function.
changes permanently how the body responds to physical and emotional stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Major Depression characterized by?

A

“Depression Is Worth Studiously Memorizing Extremely Grueling Criteria. Sorry”
Depressed Mood, Interest, Weight, Sleep, Motor Activity, Energy, Guilt, Concentration, Suicide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

A

Milder depressive symptoms that have been present for at least 2 years. Only 2 criteria (instead of 5) are required for diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

A

Depressive symptoms begin during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and terminate around the onset of menses

17
Q

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)

A

Chronic, severe, persistent irritability
Diagnosis has to be made between 6-18
Moves between sad and angry. Never manic.

18
Q

What is the Biogenic amine hypothesis?(depression)

A

deficiencies or norepi and serotonin is to be the patho for depression. There is decreased dopamine activity in depression and increased activity in mania.
There has to be more to it though because these medications take at least 6 weeks to work even though levels of serotonin and norepinephrine are increased immediately when the medication is taken.

19
Q

What is the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis disturbance theory?

A

Normally, cortisol levels are flat from late in the afternoon until a few hours before dawn when they rise
In depressed persons, cortisol levels spike erratically over the 24 hours of the day
Cortisol levels return to normal pattern when depression has resolved

20
Q

What is Circadian rhythm dysfunction?

A

Alteration in the sleep-wake cycle is common in many mental illnesses. Persons with depression often have dream pressure sleep. They fall into light and dream-state sleep early, and reach stage 4 sleep only late in the sleep cycle.
Resolves after resolution of depression
Mania is often precipitated in bipolar depression when sleep is disturbed (pulling an “all-nighter”)

21
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

-affects more women
-Intensity of disability experienced by the person living with anxiety varies widely
-Characterized by increased fearfulness that sometimes is intense
-Core issue is that symptoms occur without a precipitating potentially dangerous event

22
Q

Anxiety disorders occurs with activation of the ______ cascade through the _______ axis

A

sympathetic, HPA

23
Q

Anxiety disorders are different than normal feelings of situational nervousness. They involve overwhelming feelings of:

A

panic and fear or obsession, and often include physical manifestations of abdominal discomfort, palpitations, tachycardia and muscle tension.

24
Q

What neurotransmitters are involved in the patho of anxiety ?

A

GABA and norepinephrine, and serotonin

25
Q

What is the overlying theory of what causes anxiety symptoms?

A

amygdala > triggers medulla oblongata and hypothalamus which are responsible for FF and sympathetic nervous system > send messages to heart and lungs that its time to FF > but when a person doesnt have to FF they end up hyperventilating and tachy > epi which raises BP and blood sugar

26
Q

Separation anxiety

A

Excessive distress/ worry about separation, refusal to leave home or have attachment(s) leave home, nightmares about separation, complaints of physical symptoms when separation is anticipated or occurs
most common in children
normal for children to some degree

27
Q

Selective Mutism

A

Failure to speak in social situations where speaking is expected despite being able to speak in other situations.
Most commonly effects young children

28
Q

Specific Phobia

A

Irrational fears of specific objects, places, situations or activities

29
Q

Social phobia (social anxiety disorder)

A

The irrational fear of humiliation or embarrassment in social settings

30
Q

What is panic disorder characterized by?

A
  1. neurologic symptoms (dizziness or lightheadedness, paresthesias, fainting),
  2. cardiac symptoms (tachycardia, chest pain, feeling of smothering or choking, SOB)
  3. psychological symptoms (feeling of impending doom, fear of dying, sense of unreality).
31
Q

Panic attacks are unexpected and not related to external events, they last _______ minutes and up to ____ hr

A

15-30, 1hr

32
Q

T/F Panic order is an ABRUPT surge of intense fear or intense discomfort

A

True

33
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of being unable to get out of a place or situation quickly in the event of a panic attack
Often a complication of panic disorder

34
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Prolonged (more than 6 months) excessive worry that is not easily controlled by the person.
Worry about life circumstances such as health, finances, social acceptance, job performance

35
Q

What are characteristics of GAD?

A

feeling restless, fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, poor sleep.
Causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important area of functioning

36
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A

characterized by:
1. obsessions - repeated thoughts
2. compulsion- repeated acts
Pts. usually recognize that the rituals are unreasonable
Men=Women

37
Q

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorde

A

Chronic activation of stress response as a result of experiencing a potentially life-threatening event.

War/combat, major weather related disasters, airplane crashes, terrorist bombings, rape, child abuse or other catastrophic event can precipitate the disorder.

38
Q

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder characterized by states of

A

intrusion, avoidance and hyperarousal
1. intrusion- “flashbacks”
2. avoidance
3. hyperarousal- increased irritability, difficulty in concentration, an exaggerated startle reflex, increased vigilance and concern over safety

39
Q

Pathophysiology of Anxiety Disorders

A

Most anxiety disorders have a familial and/or genetic link
Decreases in dopamine are theorized to play a role in phobic disorders
Serotonin and norepinephrine are implicated in anxiety because of the efficacy of drugs that work on the neurotransmitters
It is way more complicated than “the levels are too high or too low.” We really don’t understand it.
GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter. The function of GABA is to slow or calm things down
Benzodiazepines increase the efficacy of GABA

Patho (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions