Anxiety and Schizophrenia Flashcards
Panic Disorder
Causes: Genetic
GABA receptors, Benzo applied ( agonist)
SSRI: it is an agonist to serotonin
PTSD
-feeling that brings you back to the traumatic event (dreams and Flashback)
Correlation of PTSD
- smaller hippocampus
-reduced benzo
-treatment: consists of medication and or cognitive behavior
Schizophrenia
Is a psychosis that is perceptual emotional, and intellectual deficits; loss of contact with reality, and inability to function in life.
- “Split mind”
-late teens, early 20s diagnosed by 30
Outcomes in Schizophrenia
- one episode: 12.2%
- serve
Symptoms of schizophrenia
- Positive: abnormal in their presence ( added things like hearing things, seeing things, hallucination )
-Negative: abnormal in their absence ( no facial expression, lack of movement: Catatonia , social withdrawal, don’t speak, poor hygiene/grooming
Causes of Schizophrenia
- Genetic - mainly
- Environmental
- Pharmacological
- Neurological
This is probably due to a combination of serval different factors
Genetic schizophrenia
- Twin study
-does not appear to be dominate
-Paternal age( how old was the father when they were conceived): the older, the more chance of having a child with schizophrenia due to sperm
Genetic Marker (Schizophrenia)
- abnormal eye movement
- unable to focus the eye
Environmental Causes Schizophrenia
- seasonal effect: they are born in winter/ early spring
- Viral epidemics
- Population Density
- Latitude: further from the equator, more likely to have schizophrenia
- Prenatal Malnourishment
- RH incompatibility: RH+ child, mom RH-
- Maternal Stress: when the mom is stressed weaker immune for the baby
- Birth trauma
Pharmacological causes of Schizophrenia
Overactive DA: is related to the positive symptoms
Dopamine activity: how high the level is
Dopamine agonist: Cocaine, amphetamine
DA antagonist: reduces psychotic behavior, stops the overactivity of DA
Hypothesis Dopamine
-25 percent do not respond to the dopamine antagonist
Neurological causes of schizophrenia
- Brain abnormality: losing brain tissue, bigger ventricle, associated with negative symptoms. The hippocampus and amygdala may be smaller
Relationship between positive and Negative symptoms
Hypfrontality: decreased activation of the frontal lobes
Clozapine
An antipsychotic drug that alleviates both positive and negative symptoms, it has been shown to increase DA transmission in the frontal lobes and decrease DA transmission in NA
Hypofrontality Hypotheses
- lower frontal lobe activity may account for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
- patients show less frontal lobe activity
Treatment of Schizophrenia
- Surgical: frontal lobotomy
-Rebooting the brain: Transcranial magnetic stimulation ( TMS)
-Psychological
Genetic and Environmental Contribution to Depression
Genetic: if we have family members/tree with depression, it puts us at risk
Environmental: Dutch Hunger disorder winter, stress
Brain Structure in Depression and Function (Frontal/ Prefrontal Cortex)
-Happy moods are associated with the left frontal lobe
- Depression is correlated with increased right lobe activity, a decrease of activity of the left frontal lobe
-decrease prefrontal mass
Brain Structure and Function in Depression (Amygdala)
- negative emotions
- Higher amygdala activity is related to depression can be detected by looking at the amygdala activity
Biochemistry of Depression
Due to problems in the HPA axis, higher levels of:
1. hormone
2. thyroid hormone
3. cortisol level
- response abnormally to the dexamethasone suppression test ( DST)
Monoamines and Depression
-Reserpine depletes available monoamines and produces depression
Antidepressant medication acts on monamines
-MAO inhibitors suppress MAO and break down Monoamines
-SSRIs inhibit (block) the reuptake of serotonin
Unipolar Depression Treatments
- Herbal Remedies
-Therapy: Cognitive/ Behavioral, psychodynamic
-ECT ( electric shots for serve cases
-sleep deprivation: makes the sleep cycle regular again
