Anxiety Flashcards
types of anxiety disorder
GAD
Phobia
Panic
PTSD
OCD
Neurosis
psychiatric disorder characterised by distress, that are non-organic and have discrete onset. Delusions and hallucinations are absent.
Definition of anxiety
an unpleasant emotional state involving subjective fear and somatic symptoms. If they become excessive or inappropriate = anxiety disorder
Yerkes Dodson Law
anxiety can be beneficial up to a plateau of optimal functioning. Can be helpful for motivation up to a point, then begins to hinder again.
Most common in order with 14% prevalence overall
- Specific phobia
- Social phobia
- GAD
- Agoraphobia
- Panic disorder
- OCD
ICD 10 classifications of anxiety
- Phobia anxiety disorders - agoraphobia (with or without panic disorder), social or specific phobia.
- Other anxiety disorders - GAD, mixed anxiety, depressive disorder, panic disorder
- OCD - obsessional thoughts
- Reaction to severe stress and adjustment disorders - PTSD, acute stress
Generalised symptoms
Psychological - Anticipatory fear, worrying, poor con, poor attention, depersonalisation and derealisation
Cardio - palpitations and chest pain
Resp - hyperventilation, cough and chest tightness
GI - Abdominal pain, loose stools n+v, dysphagia and dry mouth
GU - frequency micturition, failure of erection and menstrual discomfort
Neuro - Tremor, myalgia, headache, paraesthesia and tinnitus.
History points in Anxiety
- Rate of onset
- Duration
- Severity
- Spontaneous or situational?
- Psychiatric or medical conditions in the past / present / family
Two types of anxiety and difference
- Generalised - present most of the time and not associated with specific objects or situations. Normal life events and typically longer duration
- Episodic / Paroxysmal - Abrupt onset and discrete episodes. Severe and short lived with strong autonomic symptoms.
GAD
Ongoing uncontrollable widespread worry about many events or thoughts that the patient recognises as excessive and inappropriate.
Symptoms must be present on most days for at least 6 months in duration.
Aetiology GAD
2-4% in general population. More common in females at ratio of 2:1
Neurophysiological pathophysiology of GAD
Dysfunction of autonomic nervous system, exaggerated responses in the amygdala and hippocampus. Alterations in GABA, serotonin and noradrenaline.
Predisposing factors for GAD
Genetics, Childhood, personality type and demands for high achievement. Being divorced, living alone or as a single parent and low SES
Precipitating factors GAD
Stressful life events such as domestic violence, unemployment and relationship problems
Maintaining factors of GAD
Continuing stress events and marital status. Living alone and ways of thinking which perpetuate anxiety.
Symptoms of GAD
WATCHERS
- Worry
- Autonomic hyperactivity
- Tension in muscles / Tremor
- Conc difficulty / chronic aches
- Headache / Hyperventilation
- Energy Loss
- Restlessness
- Startled easily or sleep disturbance
Chest and Abdo symptoms of GAD
Difficulty breathing, choking, chest pain, nausea, abdominal distress and loose motions
Brain symptoms of GAD
Dizziness, fear of dying, losing control and derealisations
General symptoms of GAD
Hot flushes, numbness or tingling and headache
Tension symptoms of GAD
Muscle tension, aches or pains, restlessness, on edge, difficulty swallowing and sensation of lump in throat
Non-specific symptoms of GAD
Being startled, concentration difficulty, persistent irritability, sleep problems.
MSE GAD
Appearance - worried, restless, sweaty, hyperventilating and lip biting or pallor with tense posture
Speech - trembling and slow
Mood - anxious
Thought - repetitive worrying thoughts
Perception - no hallucinations
Cognition - poor memory and reduced conc
Insight - may or may not have.
Increased HR, BP and RR
Ix GAD
BT - FBC - infection or anaemia, TFT - Hyperthyroidism, Glucose - Hypoglycaemia
ECG - sinus Tachy
Questionnaires - GAD-2, Becks anxiety inventory and hospital anxiety / depression scale
Biological treatment GAD
1st line - SSRI - Sertraline
2nd Line - SNRI - Venlafaxine or duloxetine
3rd - Pregabalin
Benzodiazepines should NOT be offered unless short term during crises - issues with dependence
Psychosocial treatment GAD
Psychological - Psychoeducational groups / CBT / Applied relaxation
Social - Self help methods / Support groups / Exercise
Stepped care model of GAD
- Assessment and psychoeducation
- Low intensity psych interventions - self help and guided self help with. group based support
- Medication or CBT
- Multi agency teams and high specialist input. Combination of both medication and therapy. May need crisis team.
Ddx GAD
- Panic disorder
- Specific phobias
- Schizophrenia
- Personality disorder
- Excessive caffeine or alcohol consumption
- Withdrawal from drugs
What is a phobia
intense, irrational fear of a stimulus that is recognised as excessive or unreasonable
Agoraphobia
fear of public spaces - immediate escape would be difficult
Social phobia
Fear of social situations - humiliation, embarrassment or criticism
Isolated phobia
Fear of specific object or situation.
Arachnophobia
Haematophobia
Phobia of flying
Phobia of heights
RF of phobias
- Aversive experiences
- Stress and negative life events
- other anxiety disorders
- Mood disorders
- Substance misuse disorders
- Family History
Symptoms of phobias
Biological - Similar to GAD - Autonomic response with tachycardia. Some may lead to vasovagal response —> Syncope e.g. blood phobia.
Psychological - Anticipatory anxiety, inability to relax, urge to avoid situation and a fear of dying.
MSE of phobia
Appearance - restless wanting to escape, pale, sweaty and hyperventilating with or without syncope
Speech - trembling or speechless
Mood - anxious
Thought - unpleasant feelings towards threat, fear of situation or desire to escape
Insight - Poor when feared stimulus present. Good otherwise
Will be normal unless phobia is present / brought up
ICD-10 Agoraphobia
a. Marked and consistent fear in at least 2 of crowds / public spaces / travelling alone / travelling away from home
b. Symptoms of anxiety (2+)
c. Significant emotional distress
D. Symptoms restricted to situation
ICD - 10 Social Phobia
A. Marked fear of being focus of attention or embarrassment in social situations
B. At least 2 symptoms of anxiety plus blushing, vomiting, urgency or micturition / defecation
C. Significant emotional distress
D. Excessive or unreasonable
E. Symptoms restricted to the situation
ICD-10 Specific phobia
Marked fear / avoidance of specific subject
Symptoms of anxiety infrared situation
Significant emotional distress only when linked to situation.
IX for phobias
Minimal - maybe questionnaires but mainly on history
Treatment of Generic phobia
Good rapport
Avoidance of anxiety inducing substances - caffeine, alcohol
Co-morbidities - check for substance missuse or personality disorders
Specialist referral if concern for SH and Suicide.
Treatment of agoraphobia
CBT
Graduated exposure
SSRI
Treatment social phobia
CBT
Graduated exposure
SSRI or SNRI or MAOI - moclobemide (1/2/3)
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
Specific phobia Treatment
Exposure - self help or CBT
Benzodiazepines short term
Difference between GAD and Phobia
Symptoms of GAD occur most of the time whereas features of phobic anxiety disorders occur in response to particular situations
Commonly, agitation is an associated behaviour of GAD whereas avoidance of the particular situation typically occurs in phobic anxiety disorders
Concerning cognition, there is constant worry about everyday life events in patients with GAD whereas patients with phobic anxiety disorders only worry about or fear a particular situation
THINK
SS - specific situations
AA - anticipatory anxiety
AA - attempted avoidance
Panic disorder
Recurrent, episodic and severe panic attacks which are unpredictable and not restricted to any particular situation or circumstance
Aetiology panic disorder
3 x more common in females
Late adolescent onset
1% general prevalence
Pathophysiology of Panic disorder
Genetics - Heritability
Neurochemical - Post synaptic hypersensitivity to serotonin and adrenaline
SNS - Fear or worry stimulates the SNS —> Inc cardiac output which can lead to further anxiety
Cognitive - Misinterpretation of somatic symptoms - e.g. fear of palpitations leading to a heart attack
Environmental - Life stressors
RF panic disorder
- FHx
- Major life events
- 20-30
- Recent trauma
- Females
- Other mental disorders
- White
- Asthma
- Cigarette smoking
- Medication - benzodiazepine withdrawal
Symptom of panic disorder
PANICS Disorder
Palpitations
Abdominal distress
Numbness / Nausea
Intense fear of death
Choking feeling / Chest pain
Sweating, Shaking, SOB
Depresonalisation or derealisation.
Panic symptoms peak within 10 minutes and rarely last longer than an hour.
Classification ICD-10 Panic disorder
ICD-10
- Recurrent panic attacks that are not consistently associated with a specific situation or object and occur spontaneously
- All of the following
- Discrete episode of intense fear or discomfort
- Starts abruptly
- Crescendo within a few minutes
- Autonomic arousal
- Other symptoms of GAD
Ix Panic disorder
Hx - Same as GAD, but appearance and behaviour may be more intense - hyperventilating - in case of panic attack
BT - FBC - infection or anaemia, TFT - Hyperthyroidism, Glucose - Hypoglycaemia
ECG - sinus Tachy
Questionnaires - GAD-2, Becks anxiety inventory and hospital anxiety / depression scale
Treatment panic disorder
- SSRI
- If not suitable after 12 weeks then switch to TCA - imipramine or clomipramine
- NO BENZO
- CBT
- Self help methods
Stepwise approach to panic disorder
- Recognition and diagnosis
- Treatment in primary care
- Review and consider alternative treatments
- Specialist mental health
- Care with specialist mental health services - hospitalisation
Ddx panic disorder
- Other anxiety disorders
- Organic - phaechormocytoma, hyperthyroidism, hypoglycaemia, carcinoid syndrome, arrythmias, substance withdrawal