Antivirals + Resistance

Question 1

Antiviral targets

Answer 1

•attachment (receptors)
•uncoating stage
•replication + synthesis stages
•release

Question 2

What is the definition of an antiviral

Answer 2

Prevents viral replication + spread through body

Question 3

RNA virus mutation frequency

Answer 3

•10 to the 4 - 1 in 10,000 bases

Question 4

DNA virus mutation frequency

Answer 4

•10 to the 8 - 1 in 100,000,000

Question 5

Tests for antiviral susceptibility

Answer 5

•phenotypic assay
•genotypic assay

Question 6

Phenotypic assay mechanism

Answer 6

•viral inoculum at serial drug dilutions
•viral conc stays the same
•find drug conc required to reduce by 50% and 90%

Question 7

Advantages of phenotypic assay

Answer 7

•visual results
•effective
•either yes or no answer

Question 8

Phenotypic assay disadvantages

Answer 8

•hard to culture
•timely
•hard to standardised viral conc
•relies on visual decisions

Question 9

Genotypic assay mechanism

Answer 9

•looks at base pair level to find mutations

Question 10

Requirements to use genotypic assay

Answer 10

•knowledge of mutations for specific drugs etc

Question 11

Genotypic assay advantages

Answer 11

•fast
•accurate

Question 12

Genotypic assay disadvantages

Answer 12

•need to know resistance genes beforehand
•estimates the effects - not visual like phenotypic assay

Question 13

Is phenotypic or genotypic mainly used in lab settings

Answer 13

Genotypic

Question 14

Why is genotypes used over phenotypic

Answer 14

•viral culture not needed
• virus can be amplified directly from the blood
•faster

Question 15

How is human herpes virus resistant to acyclovir

Answer 15

•stops their thymidine kinase release to prevent activations of acyclovir

Question 16

How does acyclovir only affect viral protein synthesis

Answer 16

•requires thymidine kinase to activate
•humans don’t have this

Question 17

Antivirals for influenza

Answer 17

•amantadine
•oseltamivir
•zanamivir

Question 18

Antiviral for human herpes virus

Answer 18

•acyclovir

Question 19

Neuraminidase inhibitors

Answer 19

•oseltamivir
•zanamivir

Question 20

Amantadine mechanism/target

Question 21

oseltamivir + zanamivir mechanism/target

Question 22

Early treatments for covid

Answer 22

•1st = paxlovid
•2st = remedesivir

Question 23

Treatment for high risk Covid patients

Answer 23

•sotrovimab if paxlovid not suitable

Question 24

Paxlovid full name

Answer 24

Ritonavir-boosted Nirmatrelvir

Question 25

Where does paxlovid target

Answer 25

•late protein synthesis

Question 26

Where does remedsevir target

Answer 26

•RNA polymerase

Question 27

How does sotrovimab do

Answer 27

•inhibits spike protein to stop virus entering the cell

Question 28

How is paxlovid taken

Answer 28

Orally

Question 29

How is sotrovimab taken

Answer 29

Intravenously

Question 30

Why is paxlovid used over sotrovimab

Answer 30

•can be taken orally unlike sotrovimab which is IV •stops patient being admitted to hospital