Antibiotics Flashcards
What are beta lactams and where do they target
•class of antibiotic
•cell wall synthesis
What are glycopeptides and what do they target
•class of antibiotics
•cell wall synthesis
What are aminoglycosides and what do they target
•class of antibiotic
•ribosomes
Examples of beta lactams
•penicillins
•cephalosporins
•carbapenems
•mono bactams
Examples of Penicillins
•penicillin
•flucloxacillin
•ampicillin/amoxycillin
Is it best to prescribe a broad or narrow spectrum antibiotic
•narrow first
•allows to protect the broad antibiotics from resistance
Penicillin spectrum type
•narrow
Flucloxacillin spectrum (specifically?)
•narrow
•staphylococcus aureus
ampicillins/amoxycillins spectrum
•broader spectrum penicillin
What does penicillin attack
•many strains streptococcus pneumoniae
•Group A streptococcus
What was the first semi synthetic methicillin
•methicillin
•followed by flucloxacillin
•UK uses flucloxacillin over methicillin
What are broader spectrum penicillins used for
•enterococci
•streptococci
How were penicillins advanced
•combined with beta lactamase inhibitors
What is beta lactamase
•enzyme bacteria release to breakdown beta lactam antibiotics
What are clavulanate and tazobactam
•beta lactamase inhibitors
•stop bacteria breaking down beta lactam antibiotics
What is co-amoxiclav (Augmentin)
•antibiotic
•combination of amoxycillin and clavulanate
What is piptazo-bactam (tazobactam)
•antibiotic
•combination of piperacillin (penicillins) and tazobactam
What is co amoxiclav (augmentin) spectrum and what is it used for
•broad spectrum
•Gram + and -
•anaerobes (-pseudonomas)
What anaerobe does augmentin not work for
•Pseudomonas
What is piptazo bantam (tazocin) spectrum and what is it used on
•very broad
•gram + and -
•anaerobes (+pseudomonas)
What antibiotic would you use for pseudonomas - Augmentin or Tazocin and why
•Tazocin
•Augmentin doesn’t cover pseudonomas in its anaerobes
Where were cephalosporin antibiotics founded
•Sardinian sewage
•from cephalosporium mould
What disease does cephalosporin antibiotics cause
•clostridioides difficile disease
What is clostridioides difficile disease
Infection of clostridioides difficile bacteria in the bowel
•causing diarrhoea
How do cephalosporin antibiotics cause clostridioides difficile disease
•it suppresses/kills healthy bacteria of the bowel flora
•letting clostridioides difficile overgrow
How many generations of cephalosporin antibiotics
•5
•mostly used 1-3
What spectrum do cephalosporins cover and what do they attack
•broad spectrum
•gram + and -
•NOT anaerobes
•NOT pseudonomas
What happens to cephalosporins as the generations increases
•gain gram - ability at expense of gram +
•1st more gram +
•3rd more gram -
Carbapenems spectrum and what does it attack
•VERY broad spectrum
•gram + and -
•anaerobes
•pseudonomas
What are carbapenems used for
•critical care
•ICUs (intensive care units)
•bone marrow transplant
•chemotherapy
What are beta lactams toxicity/dangers
•generally safe
•allergy well known
•blood level tests not needed
Beta lactams side effects
Common= rash, gastrointestinal upset
Rare = bone marrow suppression (rare)
Glycopeptide example
Vancomycin
How were glycopeptides founded/originate
•by streptomyces in dirt sample from Borneo
Glycopeptides spectrum
•Gram + only = nearly all
When are glycopeptides used
•critical care
Glycopeptides toxicity
•nephrotoxic
•blood levels measured to avoid toxicity
What syndrome can glycopeptides (vancomycin) cause and why
•red man syndrome
•toxicity to the kidneys
Symptoms of red man syndrome
•flushing
•itchiness
•hypotension
•chest pain
Examples of an aminoglycoside antibiotic
Gentamicin
What do aminoglycosides originate from
•micromonospora sp
What antibiotic is on the WHO list of essential medicines and why
•aminoglycosides (gentamicin)
•effective and inexpensive
What spectrum do aminoglycosides (gentamicin) cover
•Gram negatives
Aminoglycosides toxicity
•nephrotoxic (kidneys)
•ototoxic (inner ear hair cells)
•requires blood level measuring
Ototoxic meaning
•Inner ear damage
Bactericidal meaning
•kill the bacteria once it’s there
What antibiotics fight anaerobes
•metronidazole
•augmentin
•tazocin
•carbapenems
Bacteriastatic meaning
•prevents bacteria growing
What antibiotics cover MRSA
•vancomycin
•linezolid
What antibiotics cover gram +
•vancomycin
•linezolid
•penicillins
•cephalosporins
•augmentin
•tazocin
•carbapenems
What antibiotics cover gram -
•cephalosporins
•augmentin
•tazocin
•carbapenems
•gentamicin
What antibiotics cover pseudonomas
•tazocin
•carbapenems
•gentamicin
Antibiotics for beta lactamase producers
•augmentin
•tazocin
•carbapenems
•gentamicin
What are the main beta lactamase producers
•E. Coli
•Klebsiella
Bactericidal antibiotic examples
•beta lactams
•glycopeptides
•aminoglycosides
•quinolones
Bacteristatic antibiotics examples
•macrolides
•tetracyclines
•chloramphenicol
•sulphonamides
When are bactericidal antibiotics required
•febrile neutropaenia
•meningitis
•infective endocarditis
•bacteraemic sepsis
Febrile neutropaenia
•absence of white blood cells
Infective endocarditis
•heart valve infections
Bacteraemic sepsis
•bacteria in the bloodstream
What pathogens can antibiotics be used for
Bacteria ONLY
