Antivirals Flashcards
Are antivirals virustatic or virucidal?
•All are virustatic, none are virucidal
Why are there limited viral proteins that are potential targets for antiviral drugs?
As viruses utilise host cell enzymes in order to replicate
What are the targets of antivirals?
Stages of the viral replication
What are most antivirals composed of?
Most antivirals are nucleoside anologues, therefore inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis
What are the stages of antiviral drug therapy?
Receptor binding
Cell entry
Uncoating
Nucleic acid synthesis, integration (retroviruses), transcription, viral protein synthesis
Assembly
Release
When might antiviral treatment begin?
Prophylaxis
Pre-emptive therapy (when evidence of infection, but before symptoms are apparent)
Overt disease
Suppressive therapy - (to keep viral replication below the rate that causes tissue damage in asymptomatic infected patient)
Why might maintenance treatment be needed after successful treatment of an episode of overt infection?
Antivirals do not eradicte virus from latently infected cells (e.g herpes viruses)
What viral infections are antivirals used for?
Herpes viruses: HSV 1 and 2, VZV, CMV (aciclovir, famciclovir)
HIV
Hepatitis: Hep B and Hep C (tenofovir)
Respiratory: Influenza - oseltamivir, zanamivir, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV - ribavarin)
When are antivirals given to someone with herpes simplex?
Mucocutaneous: oral, genital, eye, skin
Encephalitis
Immunocompromised - any site
When are antivirals given to someonewith chickenpox?
In those at icnreased risk of complications…
neonate
Immunocompromised
Pregnant
Immunocompetent adult - only begun within 24 hours of onset of rash
What is the specification before giving antivirals to someone with shingles?
Only decreases post-herpetic neuralgia in the immunocompetent patient if begun within 72 hours of onset of symptoms
What are the antivirals used for HSV and VSV?
aciclovir oral, IV, eye ointment, cream
valaciclovir oral
famciclovir oral
foscarnet IV
How does aciclovir work?
- Aciclovir is converted by viral thymidine kinase to ACVMP,
- ACVMP then converted by host cell kinases to ACV-TP (triphosphate)
- ACV-TP, in turn, competitively inhibits and inactivates HSV-specific DNA polymerase
- preventing further viral DNA synthesis
- without affecting the normal cellular processes
When is CMV treated with antivirals?
Only life threatening - or sight threatening CMV infections
e.g HIV patients (CMV retinitis, colitis), transplant recipients(pneumonitis)
May also be used to treat neonates with symptomatic congenital CMV infection
What are potential drugs for CMV?
Gangciclovir IV, ocular implant
Valganciclovir (oral)
Cidofovir (IV)
Foscarnet (IV)