Antivirals

Question 1

What surrounds the genetic material in viruses?

Answer 1

Capsid (protein shell surrounding the genetic material)

Question 2

What type of genetic material do the following viruses have:

a. Hepatitis B
b. Hepatits C
c. HIV
d. Herpes Simplex Virus
e. Influenza

Answer 2

a. Hepatitis B 
Hepadnavirus – it is a DNA virus that also involves reverse transcriptase in its replication 
b. Hepatitis C  
RNA virus 
c. HIV 
Retrovirus 
d. Herpes Simplex Virus  
DNA virus 
e. Influenza 
RNA virus

Question 3

Describe the relative curability of Hep B and Hep C.

Answer 3

Hep B – not curable

Hep C – CURABLE

Question 4

What is the treatment for Hep B? What type of drug is this?

Answer 4

NucleoTide reverse transcriptase inhibitor = nucleoTide analogue = Tenofovir
Sometimes give peg interferon alpha

Question 5

What are the treatment options for Hep C? State the drug types.

Answer 5

NucleoSide analogue = Ribavirin (+ pegylated interferon)

Protease Inhibitor = Boceprivir (only works on Hep C genotype 1)

Question 6

Describe the receptor interaction involved in HIV attachment and entry.

Answer 6

HIV GP120 binds to CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4

Then HIV GP41 penetrates the host cell membrane and the viral capsid enters

Question 7

HIV Entry inhibitors and their attachments

Answer 7

Enfuvirtide – GP41

Maraviroc –CCR5

Question 8

HIV Replication Inhibitors

Answer 8

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
= Zidovudine - Requires 3 step phosphorylation

NucleoTide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors = Tenofovir

Non-NucleoSide Reverese Transcriptase Inhibitors NNRTI

Question 9

Name a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor.

Answer 9

Tenofovir

Question 10

How do non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors act? Give an example of an NNRTI.

Answer 10

They bind to the reverse transcriptase and cause a change in shape of the enzyme so it blocks HIV replication
Example: Efavirenz

Question 11

What viral gene encodes all the viral structural proteins? How is this used against viruses

Answer 11

Gag gene

Protease Inhibitors inhibit cleavage of the GAG precursor protein so complete virus can’t form

Question 12

Name a drug that acts a protease inhibitor and state one problem with its pharmacokinetics.

Answer 12

Saquinavir

It has a low bioavailability

Question 13

What drug can be given to boost the level of the protease inhibitor in the circulation?

Answer 13

Ritonavir

This decreases the metabolism of saquinavir

Question 14

What is the herpes virus surrounded by?

Answer 14

Tegument and a lipid bilayer

Question 15

What do the two different types of herpes cause?

Answer 15

HSV1 – cold sores

HSV2 – genital herpes

Question 16

What is the treatment for HSV?

Answer 16

Acyclovir

Nucleoside analogue that is specific because its activation requires viral kinases

Question 17

What envelope protein of influenza is important for the release of the virus into the host cell?

Answer 17

Neuraminidase

Question 18

Name an inhibitor of this envelope protein

Answer 18

Oseltamivir

Question 19

Different types of HIV- Targeting drugs

Answer 19

Entry Inhibitors
Replication Inhibitors
Integrase Inhibitors
Protease Inhibitors

Question 20

Integrase Inhibitors

Answer 20

HIV - Inhibit Viral Integrase which normally inserts the viral DNA into the host DNA

Question 21

Influenza Tropism

Answer 21

nose
throat
bronchi