Anticonvulsants, Antifungals, Antibiotics

Question 1

seizures are…

Answer 1

…sudden changes in behaviour caused by electrical hypersynchronization of neuronal networks in the cerebral cortex

Question 2

epilepsy is…

Answer 2

a neurological condition causing frequent seizures

Question 3

types of seizures

Answer 3

generalised or partial/focal

Question 4

generalised seizures types

Answer 4

tonic-clonic

absence

tonic-atonic

myoclonic

status epilepticus

Question 5

partial / focal seizure

Answer 5

simple

complex

Question 6

tonic clonic seizure

Answer 6

loss of consciousness
muscle stiffening
jerking twitching
deep sleep
wake up

Question 7

absence seizures

Answer 7

brief stairing episodes

behavioural arrest

Question 8

tonic atonic seizures

Answer 8

sudden muscle stiffening

sudden loss of muscle control

Question 9

myoclonic seizures

Answer 9

sudden, brief muscle contraction

Question 10

status epilepticus

Answer 10

> 5 min of continuous seizure activity

Question 11

simple partial seizure

Answer 11

retained awareness / consciousness

Question 12

complex partial seizure

Answer 12

impaired awareness . consciousness

Question 13

diagnosis

Answer 13

EEG

MRI

Question 14

glutamergic synapse

Answer 14

sodium in 
potassium out
calcium in 
glutamate out (SV2A)
binds to:
-NMDA-R
-AMPA
-Kainate-R

Question 15

carbamazepine

Answer 15

VGSC

tonicclonic
partial

Question 16

Lamotrigine

Answer 16

VGSC

tonicclonic
absence

Question 17

Ethosuximide

Answer 17

T type VGCC
reduces activity in relay thalamic neurones

absence

Question 18

Levetiracetam

Answer 18

SV2A

myoclonic

Question 19

Topiramate

Answer 19

NMDA
Kainate
VGSC
GABA-Receptors

myoclonic

Question 20

treatment

Answer 20

glutamate inhibition

gaba enhancement

depends on the type of seizure

Question 21

gabaergic synapse

Answer 21

GABA can be realised tonically and following neuronal stimulation

activates inhibitory post synaptic GABA-A receptors = chloride channels

chlorine goes in - membrane hyper polarisation

GABA retake by GAT then metabolised by GABA-tramsaminase (GABA-T)

Question 22

antifungals

Answer 22

AZOLE
inhibits CYP450dependent enzymes, inhibiting membrane sterol synthesis

POLYENE
forms membrane channels
destroying cell viability
e.g. amphotericin

Question 23

antibiotics moa

Answer 23

bacterial protein synthesis
-dna synthesis
        inhibit DHOp Synthetase 
        inhibit DHF Reductase 
-dna replication
        inhibit DNA gyrase
        inhibit Topoisomerase IV
-rna synthesis
         inhibit RNA Polymerase
-transcription
        inhibit ribosomes

bacterial cell wall synthesis
-peptidoglycan production
        inhibit pentapeptide 
-peptidoglycan incorporation 
        inhibit transpeptidase
-cell membrane stability 
        bind to LPS (gram -ve)
        lipopeptide - gram +ve

Question 24

antibiotics moa

bacterial protein synthesis

Answer 24

bacterial protein synthesis
-dna synthesis
        inhibit DHOp Synthetase 
        inhibit DHF Reductase 
-dna replication
        inhibit DNA gyrase
        inhibit Topoisomerase IV
-rna synthesis
         inhibit RNA Polymerase
-transcription
        inhibit ribosomes

Question 25

antibiotic moa

bacterial cell wall

Answer 25

bacterial cell wall synthesis
-peptidoglycan production
        inhibit pentapeptide 
-peptidoglycan incorporation 
        inhibit transpeptidase
-cell membrane stability 
        bind to LPS (gram -ve)
        lipopeptide - gram +ve