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Pharmacology - Fall 2024 > Antivirals > Flashcards

Antivirals Flashcards

1
Q

Are viruses alive or dead?
What are they?

A

Neither (can be active or inactive)
Obligate intracellular parasites

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2
Q

What two components do all viruses have?

A

Capsid (external coating)
Core of nucleic acids

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3
Q

What does the statement “most viruses are self-limiting” mean?

A

They are dealt with by the body’s innate immune defense mechanisms and require no antiviral medication.

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4
Q

What are the two overarching categories of viruses?

A

DNA Viruses
RNA Viruses

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5
Q

What sub-category of RNA viruses is unique? How are they different from other viruses?

A

Retroviruses

Reverse Transcriptase mechanism (RNA → DNA vs DNA → RNA → proteins)

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6
Q

What type of anti-viral therapy is non-targeted?

A

Interferon

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7
Q

What is a viral capsid?
How would a nucleocapsid differ from this?

A

Shell surrounding nucleic acids

Nucleocapsids are capsid & nucleic acid together.

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8
Q

What is a viral envelope usually composed of?

A

Modified piece of a host cell membrane

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9
Q

Naked viruses consist only of a ____________.

A

nucleocapsid

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10
Q

What component of a virus allows “docking” on host cells?

A

spikes

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11
Q

How does a virion differ from a virus?

A

Virion = Fully formed virus able to establish infection in a host cell.

Virus = No metabolic activity yet (needs to infect something)

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12
Q

Virus families are denoted with the suffix _______.

A

-viridae (herpesviridae)

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13
Q

Virus genera are denoted with the suffix ______

A

-virus (simplexvirus)

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14
Q

What is the viral family of the influenza viruses?

A

Orthomyoxviridae

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15
Q

What is the viral family of HIV?
What about the genus?

A

Retroviridae
Lentivirus

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16
Q

What genuses are in the Herpesviridae family?

A

Simplexvirus (Herpes Simplex 1 & 2)

Varicellovirus (Varicella Zoster = chickenpox)

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17
Q

What is the viral family of the Hepatitis viruses?
What about the genus?

A

Hepadnaviridae

Hepadnavirus

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18
Q

What are the five phases of viral replication?

A

Adsorption
Penetration
Synthesis
Maturation
Release

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19
Q

What is the process of viral adsorption?

A

Attachment of virus to host cell via spike protein

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20
Q

What is the process of viral penetration?

What is it called if the entire virus enters the cell?

A

Entry of virions (or genome) into host cell

Uncoating

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21
Q

What is the process of viral synthesis?

A

Creation of new nucleic acids, capsid proteins, & other viral components.

22
Q

What is the process of viral maturation?

A

Assembly of newly created viral components into complete virions.

23
Q

What is the process of viral release?

A

Release of new virions from host cells.

24
Q

What two types of viral release exist? Differentiate the two.

A

Lytic → rupture of host cells, fast & self-limiting (think GI virus)

Lysogenic → Slow release, makes host cell become viral factory. Can become lytic eventually.

25
Q

What is the prototypical, first antiviral drug?

What is its mechanism of action?

A

Acyclovir

Inhibition of viral DNA synthesis

26
Q

What is the indication for Acyclovir?

A

HSV & VZV

27
Q

What is acyclovir’s mechanism of action?

A

Impersonates the deoxyribose sugar of a DNA chain. Missing a hydroxyl group so the chain ends up terminating.

28
Q

When is acyclovir indicated?

Does this change for pregnancy?

A

HSV 1 & 2, and VZV infections.

Beneficial in pregnant women, ↓ viral shedding and ↓ c-section rate

29
Q

What viral component allows HIV to bind to CD4⁺ T-lymphocytes?

A

gp120 spike protein

30
Q

Which antiviral is a inhibitor of reverse transcriptase?

What is the therapy called when this drug is combined with others to treat HIV?

A

Azidothymidine (AZT) Zidovudine

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

31
Q

Which drugs have activity against both HBV and HIV?

A

Lamivudine
Telbivudine
Tenofivir

32
Q

When would one use Tenofivir?

A

HIV & HBV

Lamivudine-resistant HBV

33
Q

How do Lamivudine & Telbivudine work?

A

Inhibition of HBV DNA polymerase
Inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase

34
Q

Interferon can be used for ____________ but it’s better at treating _______ ________.

A

viruses ; autoimmune diseases

35
Q

What antivirals are available to treat influenza?

A

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

Zanamivir (Relenza)

Baloxivir Marboxil (Xofluza)

36
Q

When must tamiflu be give to be successful?

How much efficacy do antiviral influenza drugs have?

A

48hrs

Usually shorten course of illness by 1 day.

37
Q

Who should not be given Relenza (Zanamivir) for their influenza infection?

Why?

A

Patients with asthma & COPD

Relenza is an inhaled medication

38
Q

Which influenza antiviral is a one-time dose pill?

Who cannot receive this medication?

A

Xofluza (Baloxivir Marboxil)

Pregnant and/or breastfeeding mothers, & hospitalized or very ill patients

39
Q

What human cell surface antigens are used to categorize influenza subtypes?

A

Hemaglutinin (H1, H2, H3)

Neuramindase (N1, N2)

40
Q

What role does human hemaglutinin have influenza infection?

A

Viral attachment to human cells

41
Q

What role do human neuraminidases have in influenza infection?

A

Cell Penetration

42
Q

Between Flu A & Flu B, which is generally more severe?

A

Influenza A.

43
Q

Which Influenza subtype has less antigenic shift and is generally more mild?

Who is generally more affected?

Does this flu infect anything other than humans?

A

Influenza B

Children

Seals

44
Q

What is the progression of a COVID infection?

A

Attachment to ACE receptors → inflammatory mediators → WBCs → Cytokine Storm.

45
Q

What severe outcomes can occur with cytokine storm?

A

ARDS
Multi-Organ Failure
Hyperinflammation syndrome
Death

46
Q

What gene may be responsible for an increased susceptibility to COVID infection/severity?

A

Alu Polymorphism in ACE receptors

47
Q

What PO drug has been approved for COVID infection?

A

Paxlovid

48
Q

What parenteral drugs have been approved for COVID? Give their MOAs.

A

Remdesevir - chain termination inhibiting new viral synthesis.

MABs - block COVID entry into cells

49
Q

Dexamethason

A

used to treat COVID-19

Aids with cytokines

50
Q

Cabotegravir

A

not found in his lectures

Pharmacology - Fall 2024 (10 decks)

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