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Pharmacology - Fall 2024 > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What color do gram + bacteria stain with? Why is this?

A

Purple-Blue (Techoic acid stains to the peptidoglycan)

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2
Q

What makes up the cell wall in bacteria?
In which bacteria is this cell wall much bigger?

A

Peptidoglycan
Gram+ bacteria

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3
Q

What color do gram - bacteria stain with?
What characteristics do gram- bacteria have?

A

Reddish-orange
Second outer membrane on top of a thinner cell wall
Gram - bacteria have lipopolysaccharides in their outer membrane.

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4
Q

What occurs if too many gram - bacteria are killed off too quickly?
Why is this?

A

Endotoxic Shock Syndrome
Massive release of lipopolysaccharides that are converted into endotoxin.

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5
Q

What shape do gram + bacteria often have?
What about gram - bacteria?

A

Gram + = spherical (cocci)
Gram - = rods (everything else)

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6
Q

Differentiate bactericidal & bacteriostatic.

A

Bactericidal = kills bacteria
Bacteriostatic = prevents replication/growth

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7
Q

What is the most broad spectrum antibiotic class?
Why are these safer for humans?

A

Ribosome Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Inhibit ribosomes 50S & 30S that humans don’t have.

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8
Q

What types of ribosomes do bacteria have?

A

50S & 30S (& 70S)

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9
Q

What types of ribosomes do humans have?

A

40S, 60S, & 80S

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10
Q

How do β-lactam containing ABX’s inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

The β-lactam ring binds & blocks the enzymes that cross link the peptidoglycans that form the wall.

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11
Q

What type of bacteria do cell wall inhibitors work best on?

A

Gram +

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12
Q

What type of bacteria do cell membrane disruptors work best on?

A

Gram -

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13
Q

What is the most common drug allergy that exists?

A

Penicillin allergy (urticaria, redness, etc.)

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14
Q

What are carbapenems useful for?
What are they the drug of choice for?

A

β-lactamase bacteria & when CNS penetration is needed.
Enterobacter (drug of choice)

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15
Q

What drug is good for penicillin resistant gram + bacteria (MRSA)?
How does it work?

A

Vancomycin
Binds to amino acids & prevents cross-linking of peptidoglycans.

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16
Q

What adverse reactions can occur from vancomycin?

A

“Red-neck” Syndrome - neck flushing from histamine release - irritating to tissues
10% adverse reactions
Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Chills/fever

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17
Q

How do cell membrane disruptors work?

A

Act as detergents essentially. Bind to phospholipids in membrane & create pores.

best action: Gram (-)

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18
Q

Can Polymixin be used systemically to treat infections? Why or why not?

A

Last resort for resistant gram - strains
Very neuro & nephro toxic

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19
Q

What drug classes are protein synthesis inhibitors?

A

Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Aminoglycosides
etc.

20
Q

What kind of structure do tetracyclines have?
Are they bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

4-ring structure
Bacteriostatic

21
Q

What is the biggest side effect of tetracyclines when used with adults?
Why is this?

A

N/V/D & gastric upset.
Very broad spectrum & can destroy normal intestinal microbiota

22
Q

Why are tetracyclines not given to children?

A

Abnormal bone development

23
Q

Name the two macrolides discussed in lecture. What advantage does one have over the other?

A

Erythromycin
Azithromycin (short course, 4-5 days)

24
Q

What drug, discussed in lecture, binds to bacterial RNA polymerase?

A

Rifamycin

25
Q

How do Fluoroquinolones work?
What characteristics do these drugs have?

A

Inhibition of DNA gyrase
Excellent gram - activity
Good gram + activity

26
Q

Which drugs are bacterial DNA/RNA synthesis inhibitors?

A

Rifamycin
Fluoroquinolones (Cipro, Levaquin, & floxins)

27
Q

Which drugs are inhibitors of folic acid synthesis?

A

Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim

28
Q

What is the mechanism of action of bacterial folic acid synthesis inhibitors?

A

Prevent conversion of PABA into DHF (dihydrofolic acid) → → folic acid.

29
Q

What are sulfonamides often used for?
What are they often used with?

A

Pneumocystitis & toxoplasmosis
Often paired with Trimethoprim

30
Q

What antifungals need to be known?

A

Imidazole (ketoconazole)
&
Lamisil

31
Q

What 2 antiprotozoan agents need to be known?

A

Hydroxychloroquine
&
Metronidazole (Flagyl)

32
Q

What is metronidazole used for?

A

Giardia & trichomoniasis

33
Q

What are the side effects of metronidazole?

A

Black “hairy” tongue (can last a year)
Birth defects
Cancer

34
Q

What drug is used to treat river blindness roundworm?

A

Ivermectin

can also treat COVID19?

35
Q

How does bacterial antibiotic resistance develop?
Describe extrachromosomal mutation.

A

Chromosomal mutation
Extrachromosomal mutation (f-plasmid forms f-pilli with another bacteria thus transferring its resistance.

36
Q

How does premature termination of antibiotics propagate antibiotic resistance?

A

Highly resistant bacteria take longer to be killed by antibiotic so if stopped early then the highly resistant ones are the only ones left that can reproduce.

37
Q

What can be used for a horrible C-diff infection to restore normal intestinal flora?

A

Fecal Transplant.

38
Q

Penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin target?

A

cell wall

39
Q

cephalosporin target?

A

cell wall

40
Q

polymyxin & Daptomycin target?

A

Cell membrane

41
Q

neomycin target?

A

protein synthesis

42
Q

what classification is ketoconazole?

A

anti-fungal

43
Q

niclosamide & permethrin target?

A

parasitic worms

Permethrin - LICE

Niclosamide - tapeworm

44
Q

Polymysins are considered?

A

polypeptide antibiotics and act like detergent, bind to phospholipids, effective against gram-negative bacteria

45
Q

cephalosporins

A

more resistant to B-lactamase
broader spectrum
first generation: better gram + activity

uses: UTI, Staph, alternative to PCN (less allergy)

Pharmacology - Fall 2024 (14 decks)

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