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Pharmacology: Unit 3 > Antivirals > Flashcards

Antivirals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary antivirals used to treat Herpes?

A

Acyclovir (IV/PO/Topical)
Valacyclovir (PO)
Famciclovir (PO)

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2
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the antivirals for Herpes?

A

Inhibition of viral DNA polymerase
- activation by viral thymidine kinase (TK)

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3
Q

How should you dose Acyclovir?

A

Ideal Body Weight

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4
Q

Name a neuraminidase inhibitor that is commonly prescribed.

A

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Osteltamivir (Tamiflu)

A

Viral neuraminidase inhibitor
- prevents further replication

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6
Q

How soon should Oseltamivir be started after the onset of symptoms?

A

Within 2 days

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7
Q

By how many days does Oseltamavir decrease the duration of Influenza?

A

About 1 day

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8
Q

What type of cells does HIV attack?

A

CD4+ T-Helper Cells

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9
Q

HIV disease phase that presents as a flu-like illness with lymphadenopathy and a rash in about 50% of patients. These symptoms may last several weeks.

A

Acute Seroconversion (Phase 1)

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10
Q

HIV disease phase with few or no signs and symptoms but CD4 T-Cell count is steadily declining. May last a few years to a decade or more.

A

Asymptomatic HIV (Phase 2)

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11
Q

HIV disease phase where the immune system is damaged enough for significant opportunistic infections to develop.
OR
CD4 T-Cell count is less than 200 cells per microliter.

A

AIDS (Phase 3)

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12
Q

What class of drugs are used to treat HIV?

A

Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

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13
Q

When treating a patient for HIV, what should you always be checking for in terms of treatment?

A

Drug Interactions

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14
Q

What was the first anti-retroviral drug for HIV and when was it introduced?

A

Zidovudine (AZT)
1987

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15
Q

Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
(NRTIs)

A

Abacavir
Tenofovir
Emtricitabine
Lamivudine
Zidovudine

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16
Q

A present HLA B*5701 gene may result in a hypersensitivity to what NRTI?

A

Abacavir (Ziagen)

17
Q

How are most NRTIs dosed?

A

Renal Dosing

18
Q

What two diseases can NRTIs currently be used for?

A

HIV
Hepatitis B

19
Q

Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)

“All have -vir in the middle of the name”

A

Efavirenz
Nevirapine
Etravirine
Rilpiverine

20
Q

What NNRTI is considered a Pregnancy Category D drug?

A

Efavirenz

21
Q

Protease Inhibitors
(HAARTs)

“end in -navir”

A

Atazanavir
Ritonavir
Lopinavir

22
Q

Why are there a lot of drug interactions with protease inhibitors?

A

Strong CYP450 Inhibitors

23
Q

Using normally undesirable potent inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes of Ritonavir to increase the concentrations and half lives of other Protease Inhibitors.

A

Boosting

24
Q

What is the only protease inhibitor that is used without a booster?

A

Atazanavir

25
Q

HIV medication that blocks the integration of proviral genes into human DNA and is the newest class of anti-retroviral therapy and is now recommended as part of the 1st line therapy. Have very minimal drug interactions.

“all have -tegr in the middle of their name”

A

Integrase Inhibitors
- Raltegravir
- Elvitegravir
- Dolutegravir

26
Q

Inhibits CCR5 receptors on cell membranes and prevents the entry of HIV into the cell.

A

Maraviroc
(CCR5 Inhibitor)

27
Q

Major adverse drug reaction of Maraviroc.

A

Hepatotoxicity
(Black Box Warning)

28
Q

What enzyme metabolizes Maraviroc?

A

CYP450

29
Q

Genetic testing is required for all patients prior to initiating therapy with Maraviroc, what must be positive to use this drug?

A

CCR5 Positive

30
Q

Combination drug but in separate tablets and used to treat COVID-19.

A

Paxlovid
(Nirmatreivir + Ritonavir)

31
Q

How many days does Paxlovid reduce the symptoms of COVID-19 by?

A

2 - 3 days

32
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Paxlovid?

A

Protease inhibitor that blinds to enzyme to prevent replication

33
Q

RNA polymerase inhibitor used to treat COVID-19 and Ebola. Can only be administered through IV.

A

Remdesivir

34
Q

Oral medication that must be taken within 5 days of symptom onset and is used to treat COVID-19. Acts as a ribonucleoside analog for viral RNA polymerase increase mutations.

A

Malnupiravir

Pharmacology: Unit 3 (4 decks)

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