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Pharmacology: Unit 3 > Antibiotics: Part 1 (Revised) > Flashcards

Antibiotics: Part 1 (Revised) Flashcards

1
Q

Only effective against a few classes of bacteria.

A

Narrow Spectrum

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2
Q

Effective against a broad range of bacteria.

A

Broad Spectrum

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3
Q

A chemically modified narrow-spectrum agent used to increase effectiveness against more bacteria.

A

Extended Spectrum

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4
Q

Drug that inhibits growth and replication of bacteria.

A

Bacteriostatic

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5
Q

Drug that actually kills bacteria.

A

Bactericidal

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6
Q

Total amount of drug that is exposed to the body over time.

A

Area Under the Curve (AUC)

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7
Q

Lowest concentration of a drug that can prevent growth of the organism.

A

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

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8
Q

Antibiotics that eradicate microbes based on the time for which bacteria are exposed to the antibiotics at a concentration higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration.

A

Time-dependent Antibiotics

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9
Q

What class of antibiotics are all “Time-dependent”

A

Carbapenems

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10
Q

Antibiotics where the rate and extent of killing increases as peak drug concentration increases.

A

Concentration Dependent Antibiotics

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11
Q

An affect that causes suppression of bacterial growth after a limited exposure to an antibiotic

A

Post-Antibiotic Effect

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12
Q

What classes of antibiotics work via Cell Wall Inhibition?

A

Beta Lactams
Aztreonam
Gylcopeptides
Lipopeptides

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13
Q

What families of antibiotics consist of Beta Lactams (which are also Cell Wall Inhibitors)

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems

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14
Q

What antibiotics work via Protein Synthesis Inhibition?

A

Clindamycin
Chloramphenicol
Linezolid
Erythromycin
Azithromycin
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides

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15
Q

What antibiotic works via Folate Antagonism?

A

Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim
(Bactrim)

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16
Q

What class of antibiotics work via the Inhibition of DNA Topoisomerases?

A

Fluoroquinalones

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17
Q

Bacteriostatic Antibiotics:
ECSTaTiC

A

Erythromycin
Clindamycin
Sulfamethoxazole
Trimethoprim
Tetracycline
Chloramphenicol

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18
Q

Bactericidal Antibiotics:
Very Finely Proficient At Cell Murder

A

Vancomycin
Fluoroquinalones
Penicillins
Aminoglycosides
Cephalosporins
Metronidazole

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19
Q

Beta-lactams and Monobactams consist of 4 different subcategories.

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactam

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20
Q

The final step in synthesis of a bacterial cell wall is the cross-linking of adjacent peptidoglycan stands. What is this process called?

A

Transpeptidation

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21
Q

Beta-lactams and Monobactams work via competing for and binding to enzymes that catalyze transpeptidation and cross linking. What are the enzymes in this process known as?

A

Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs)

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22
Q

All beta-lactams are bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bactericidal

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23
Q

What is the name of the bacterial enzymes that breaks the beta-lactam ring of antibiotics, making them ineffective.

A

Beta Lactamase

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24
Q

A high dose of Beta-Lacatams or Monobactams can cause what medical emergency?

A

Seizures

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25
Q

Accumulation of Beta-Lactams and Monobactams might occur if the dose of the antibiotics doesn’t adjust or account for what function in the body?

A

Renal Function

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26
Q

What are the two natural penicillins that we learned about in this lecture?

A

Penicillin G
Penicillin VK

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27
Q

Penicillin G and Penicillin VK are reliable against what two organisms?

A

Streptococci
Treponema pallidum

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28
Q

Penicillin G and Penicillin VK are the drugs of choice against what two diseases?

A

Syphilis (G)
Streptococcal Pharyngitis (VK)

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29
Q

What are the two Aminopenicillins that we learned about in this lecture?

A

Ampicillin
Amoxicillin

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30
Q

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin are reliable against what two organisms?

A

Enterococci
Streptococci

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31
Q

Amoxicillin is the drug of choice for what infection?

A

Otitis Media

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32
Q

Ampicillin is the drug of choice for what two infections?

A

Enterococci
Listeria monocytogenes

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33
Q

Ampicillin by itself is only bacteriostatic against enterococci, what must be added as a synergist to allow it to become bactericidal?

A

Aminoglycoside

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34
Q

What are three anti-staphylococcal penicillins that we learned about in this lecture?
(AKA - Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins)

A

Nafcillin
Oxacillin
Methicillin

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35
Q

Nafcillin, Oxacillin, and Methicillin are reliable against what two organisms?

A

MSSA
Streptococci

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36
Q

Nafcillin, Oxacillin, and Methicillin are the drugs of choice for what infections?

A

SSTIs
Endocarditis (MSSA)

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37
Q

Why are Nafcillin, Oxacillin, and Methicillin preferred of Vancomycin for MSSA infections?

A

They are more rapidly bactericidal

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38
Q

What are the three pairs of Beta-Lactams + Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors that we learned about in this lecture?

A

Ampicillin + Sulbactam (Unasyn)
Amoxicillin + Clavulanate (Augmentin)
Piperacillin + Tazobactam (Zosyn)

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39
Q

Piperacillin + Tazobactam (Zosyn) is reliable against what organism?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

40
Q

Piperacillin + Tazobactam (Zosyn) and Ticarcillin + Clavulanate can be used to treat what type of nosocomial infection?

A

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)

41
Q

B-Lactams + B-Lactamase Inhibitors restore of the activity of antibiotics against B-Lactamase producing bacteria. This means they have no effect on resistance that is acquired through other means. Name two examples of organisms where this synergism would have no effect?

A

MRSA
PCN-resistant pneumococci

42
Q

What is the most common drug allergy that is reported by patients?

A

Penicillin Allergy

43
Q

What is the most common presentation of a penicillin allergy?

A

Rash

44
Q

What percent of the population reports having a penicillin allergy?

A

10%

45
Q

What percent of the population that reports have a penicillin allergy, actually has one?

A

10%

46
Q

How do cephalosporins work? What is their mechanism of action?

A

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
(via binding to Penicillin Binding Proteins)

47
Q

What generation of cephalosporins are able to penetrate the central nervous system?

A

3rd Gen.

48
Q

What disease do 3rd Gen. Cephalosporins allows us to treat?

A

Meningits

49
Q

What are the two 1st Gen. Cephalosporins that we learned about in this lecture?

A

Cefazolin
Cephalexin

50
Q

Cefazolin and Cephalexin are reliable against what two organisms?

A

MSSA
Streptococci

51
Q

Cefazolin and Cephalexin may be used to treat or prevent what diseases?

A

SSTIs and Endocarditis (MSSA)
Surgical Prophylaxis

52
Q

What is the 2nd Gen. Cephalosporin that we learned about in this lecture that is considered to be for “Respiratory” treatments?

A

Cefuroxime

53
Q

What organism is Cefuroxime reliable against?

A

H. influenzae

54
Q

2nd Gen. Cephalosporins activity against H. influenzae differentiates it from what generation of cephalosporins?

A

1st Gen.

55
Q

What are the two 2nd Gen. Cephalosporins that we learned about in this lecture that are considered to be for “Enteric” treatments?

A

Cefoxitin
Cefotetan

56
Q

What organism is Cefoxitin and Cefotetan reliable against?

A

H. influenzae

57
Q

Cefoxitin and Cefotetan may be used to treat what two types of infection and a prophylaxis for what type of surgery?

A

Abdominal and Gynecologic Infections
Abdominal Surgery Prophylaxis

58
Q

Cefoxitin and Cefotetan are differentiated from other cephalosporins due to their activity against what organism?

A

Bacteroides fragilis

59
Q

What two 3rd Gen. Cephalosporins did we focus on in this lecture?

A

Ceftriaxone
Ceftazidime

60
Q

What organism is Ceftazidime reliable against?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

61
Q

Ceftriaxone + a macrolide or doxycycline can be used to treat what three diseases?

A

Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
UTIs
Lyme Disease

62
Q

Ceftriaxone is the drug of choice for what two infections?

A

Gonorrhea
Meningitis

63
Q

What is the 4th Gen. Cephalosporin that we learned about in this lecture?

A

Cefepime

64
Q

What organism is Cefepime reliable against?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

65
Q

What is the additive bonus of a 4th Gen. Cephalosporin over a 3rd Gen. Cephalosporin?

A

better Staph + Strep activity

66
Q

What is the 5th Gen. Cephalosporin that we learned about in this lecture?

A

Ceftaroline

67
Q

Ceftaroline has a high affinity for penicillin-binding protein 2a which allows it to be effective against what organism?

A

MRSA

68
Q

Ceftaroline is similar to Ceftriaxone with the additional activity against what two organisms?

A

MRSA
E. faecalis

69
Q

What are the two carbapenems that we learned about in this lecture?

A

Imipenem
Meropenem

70
Q

Carbapenems are the drug of choice for what type of organism?

A

Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamase producing GNRs
(ESBL)

71
Q

What is the name of the Monobactam that we learned about during this lecture?

A

Aztreonam

72
Q

What does Aztreonam have no activity against?

A

Gram (+) bacteria

73
Q

Aztreonam is reliable against what two organisms?

A

Most GNRs
Pseudomonas

74
Q

Aztreonam is often used in patients with what type of severe allergy?

A

B-lactam allergy

75
Q

What class of oral antibiotics are a good option for treating Pseudomonas?

A

Fluoroquinalones

76
Q

What class of IV antibiotics are a good option for treating Pseudomonas?

A

Carbapenems

77
Q

What are the only two antibiotics discussed in this lecture that did not require renal dose adjustments?

A

Ceftriaxone
Nafcillin

78
Q

What is the name of the Gylcopeptide antibiotic that was discussed in this lecture?

A

Vancomycin

79
Q

How does Vancomycin work? What is the mechanism of action?

A

Inhibits cross-linking of linear peptidoglycans

80
Q

What must be monitored when administering Vancomycin to a patient?

A

Drug Levels

81
Q

What are three adverse drug reactions that Vancomycin might cause?

A

Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Red-Man Syndrome

82
Q

What organism is Vancomycin reliable against and the drug of choice for?

A

MRSA

83
Q

Why might you give Vancomycin orally to a patient?

A

Severe C. difficile infection

84
Q

Why is Vancomycin not systemically distributed when taken orally?

A

Not absorbed by the GI tract

85
Q

What is the name of the Lipopeptide that we learned about in this lecture?

A

Daptomycin

86
Q

How does Daptomycin work? What is the mechanism of action?

A

Binds to the membrane of the bacteria and causes a depolarization of the bacteria. This results in the loss of membrane potential and results in death.

87
Q

Daptomycin should be avoided in cases of what disease?

A

Pneumonia

88
Q

What are two adverse drug reactions that when taking Daptomycin may occur?

A

Rhabdomyolysis (avoid with statins if possible)
Hepatic Effects

89
Q

What are three aminoglycosides that we learned about in this lecture?

A

Gentamicin
Tobramycin
Amikacin

90
Q

Are aminoglycosides bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bactericidal

91
Q

How do aminoglycosides work? What is the mechanism of action?

A

Protein Synthesis Inhibition
(30s Subunit)

92
Q

What must you monitor when administering a patient aminoglycosides?

A

Drug Levels

93
Q

Are aminoglycosides given as a monotherapy or in a combination therapy?

A

Combination Therapy

94
Q

What are the two adverse drug reactions we learned about that can occur due to Aminoglycosides?

A

Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity

95
Q

What are some infections where aminoglycosides would be used as part of a combination therapy?

A

Sepsis
Cystic Fibrosis
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia
Febrile Neutropenia

96
Q

Aminoglycosides have no coverage against Gram (+) bacteria. What antibiotics might you pair this with to gain that coverage?

A

Beta Lactams
Vancomycin

Pharmacology: Unit 3 (5 decks)

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