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antivirals Flashcards

1
Q

viral particles (virions) characteristics

A
  • outer coating with protein spikes
  • lipoprotein envelope
  • inner proteins (specific to virus)
  • nucleic acid core (RNA/DNA)
  • coat/capsid
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2
Q

what is a virus

A

tiny microorganism that infects and replicates inside host cell
- uses host machinery to make proteins
- cannot replicate on its own

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3
Q

covid virus name

A

severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2)

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4
Q

covid disease name

A

coronavirus disease 2019 (covid 19)
- disease gives symptoms

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5
Q

problems of viral treatments

A
  • viruses live inside host cells
  • viral infections initially asymptomatic
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6
Q

what is the best response to a viral infection

A

healthy immune system
- immunocompromised patients have frequent viral infections

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7
Q

viruses controlled by antiviral therapy

A
  • cytomegalovirus
  • hepatitis viruses
  • herpes virus
  • HIV
  • influenza viruses
  • respiratory syncytial virus
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8
Q

what do antiretroviral drugs treat

A

treat HIV

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9
Q

what do antiviral drugs treat

A

viral infections

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10
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus
- attack helper T cells
- long term leads to AIDs (lack of T cells)
- transmitted by fluids
- RNA –> DNA with reverse transcriptase

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11
Q

AIDs

A

helper T cells diminished and body likely to develop other infections
- opportunistic infections
- no symptoms until other infections show up

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12
Q

types of opportunistic infections from AIDs

A
  • protozoal
  • fungal
  • viral
  • bacterial
  • opportunistic neoplasias (kaposi’s sarcoma)
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13
Q

antiretroviral types

A
  • reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  • protease inhibitors
  • integrase inhibitors
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14
Q

reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI)

A

block activity of reverse transcriptase

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15
Q

RTI subclasses

A
  • nucleoside RTI (nucleoside drug into chain)
  • non-nucleoside RTI (drug binds to enzyme and stops it)
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16
Q

nucleoside RTI example

A

zidovudine (AZT: azidothymidine)

17
Q

RTI adverse effects

A

bone marrow suppression (anemia and neutropenia)

18
Q

protease inhibitors

A

inhibit protease enzyme which makes protein chains into functional proteins

19
Q

protease inhibitors adverse effect

A
  • hyperglycemia
  • new/exacerbate diabetes
20
Q

protease inhibitor example

A

ritonavir

21
Q

ritonzavir interactions

A
  • many drug-drug interactions
  • CYP inhibitor (metabolism reduced)
22
Q

integrase inhibitors

A

inhibits insertion of HIV DNA into t cell DNA
- HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)

23
Q

what is HIV combination therapy called

A

highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

24
Q

why combination therapy?

A

hiv mutates often (mistakes in dna which cause drug resistance)

25
Q

types of drug combinations

A
  • 2 NRTIs = 1 NNRTI
  • 2 NRTIs = 1 or 2 protease inhibitors
  • BIKTARVY: integrase inhibitor + 2 NRTIs
26
Q

pre exposure prophylaxis

A

HIV prevention for people at risk of being exposed
- daily drug regime
- 2 RTI combination

27
Q

post exposure prophylaxis

A

drugs taken soon after possible HIV exposure to prevent possible infection
- start within 3 days
- lasts 28 days
- integrase inhibitor and 2 RTIs

28
Q

most common influenza virus

A

influenza A (96%)
- H & N surface proteins

29
Q

chronic hepatitis strains

A

B and C

29
Q

herpesvirus group

A

varicella zoster virus
- chickenpox (varicella)
- shingles (herpes zoster)
herpes simplex virus
- HSV-1 (oral)
- HSV-2 (genital)
cytomegalovirus

30
Q

drugs for influenza virus

A

neuraminidase inhibitors
- prevents release of virus from host cell
- can be used prophylactically

31
Q

neuraminidase inhibitor example

A

oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

32
Q

newer flu drug

A

baloxavir
- single dose
- equal effectiveness to oseltamivir

33
Q

drugs for herpes virus (VZV & HSV)

A

DNA polymerase inhibitors
- stops viral DNA synthesis
- synthetic nucleosides

34
Q

DNA polymerase example for HSV and VZV

A

acyclovir
- oral, topical, parenteral

35
Q

drugs for herpesvirus (CMV)

A

DNA polymerase inhibitor
- Ganciclovir
- oral and parenteral
- surgically implanted ophthalmic form

36
Q

CMV

A
  • high risk in immunocomproised
  • common in AIDs
  • loss of vision
37
Q

ribavirin

A
  • synthetic nucleoside
  • PO or nasal inhalation
  • for RSV and hepatitis C

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