Antiviral therapy

Question 1

examples of DNA viruses

Answer 1

herpes
CMV
chicken pox (varicella, VZV)
Hep B

Question 2

examples of RNA retroviruses

Answer 2

HIV1 and HIV2 –> AIDS

Question 3

examples of RNA viruses

Answer 3

Influenza A, B, and C
Hep C
RSV

Question 4

modes of transmission

Answer 4

human to human
animal to human
food to human
equipment to human

Question 5

viruses are not cells, they are

Answer 5

obligate intracellular parasites

Question 6

CMV is a herpesviruses and 50-80% are infected by age 40 but don’t know because it only affects….

Answer 6

immunocompromised patients

or unborn babies infected during pregnancy

Question 7

infection process steps

Answer 7

adsorption
penetration/uncoating
replication/transcription/translation
assembly
release of new virus
secondary infection of other cells

Question 8

what do retroviruses have that humans don’t that makes it a good target to attack

Answer 8

reverse transcriptase (RNA –>DNA)

Question 9

what are the 2 effects of interferons?

Answer 9

activates killer cells (Natural and CD8+ T cells)

induces resistance of other host cells to virus

Question 10

… immunization is accomplished by injecting antiviral immunoglobulins

Answer 10

passive

Question 11

… immunization is accomplished by vaccination with antiviral vaccines (administering antigen to induce cellular and humoral immunity) but it takes time to develop

Answer 11

active

Question 12

in the innate immune system, ….. cells express … receptors the secrete…. following viral stimulation

Answer 12

specialized intereferon producing cells

Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 and TLR 9

interferon 1

Question 13

intereferon circulates and activates interferon receptors on other cells and this induces expression of many genes that promote …. to many viruses

Answer 13

resistance

Question 14

which interferon is currently used as a therapeutic

Answer 14

interferon alpha

Question 15

the goal of chemotherapy is to have

Answer 15

selective toxicity to the virus

Question 16

lqtent infection and reactivation of herpesvirus takes place in …

Answer 16

sensory neurons

Question 17

what drugs inhibit viral DNA polymerase and/or Hep B reverse transcriptase

Answer 17

base analogs- resemble bases or parts of them

Acyclovir
Valacyclovir
Ganciclovir
Lamivudine

Question 18

what initiates activating acyclovir to phosphorylate it to a monophosphate?

Answer 18

viral thymidine kinase (in a virus infected cell)

Question 19

Acyclovir MOA:

1. selective metabolic activation in virus infected cells by …
2. … inhibition
3. incorporation into …
4. Viral DNA polymerase cannot add another base causing …

Answer 19

viral thymidine kinase

competitive

DNA

chain termination

Question 20

when acyclovir is phosphorylated into a … (which lacks …) it inhibits DNA polymerase.

Answer 20

triphosphate

lacks 3’OH, irreversibly inactivates viral DNA polymerase

Question 21

Which disease is better treated by Acyclovir? Herpes or CMV?

Answer 21

Herpes

Question 22

Which disease is better treated by Ganciclovir?

Herpes or CMV

Answer 22

CMV

Question 23

In CMV, what phosphorylates Ganciclovir?

Answer 23

UL97 kinase

Question 24

hepatitis B is a DNA virus BUT replication proceeds through … of a pregenomic RNA intermediate

Answer 24

reverse transcriptase

Question 25

HBV reverse transcriptase is about …. with HIV RT

Answer 25

50% homologous

Question 26

Lamivudine is a …. that inhibits ….by…

Lamivudine is used for … and …

Answer 26

base analog
reverse transcriptase
competing with dCTP

HIV and Hep B

Question 27

Ribavirin is a base analog that inhibits production and use of

Answer 27

RNA

Question 28

Ribavirin has a … spectrum

Answer 28

broad (affects many DNA and RNA viruses)

Question 29

Docosanol (abreva) inhibits ….

Answer 29

attachment of enveloped viruses to cells

Question 30

Docosanol is active against which diseases?

Answer 30

DNA viruses: herpes, CMV

RNA viruses: Influenza and RSV