Antiparasitics Flashcards
Thiazolide that is Broad-spectrum antiinfective agent indicated for infections by Cryptosporidium or Giardia
Disrupts anaerobic metabolism in multiple human parasites (selective toxicity)
Well-tolerated
Nitazoxanide
Metronidazole, Tinidazole, and nitazoxanide are effective treatments for this parasitic infection
Giardiasis
Mixed agent that is highly effective against most amebic diseases, but also indicated for Trichomonas, Giardia and anaerobic bacteria
Metronidazole
MOA of metronidazole
Form of nitroso radicals when partially reduced, disrupting membrane and DNA synthesis
The drug reduction usually happens only in anaerobic bacteria and protozoans
Antiparasitic that is a Form of nitroso radicals when partially reduced, disrupting membrane and DNA synthesis
The drug reduction usually happens only in anaerobic bacteria and protozoans
Metronidazole
Metronidazole is a form of these when partially reduced
Nitroso radicals
Disrupts membrane and DNA synthesis
GI upset, Metallic taste, Disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol, and Carcinogenic (black box warning, especially used systemically) are adverse effects of this antiparasitic
Metronidazole
2 antiparasitis with an adverse effect of disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol
Metronidazole
Benznidazole
Antiparasitic with Carcinogenic as a block box warning, especially when used systemically
Metronidazole
Antiparasitic that has metallic taste as an adverse effect
Metronidazole
Malaria is caused by this parasite
Plasmodium
Typical first sign of malaria
Severe headache
This form of the Plasmodium parasite is injected into blood by mosquito during malaria
Sporozoite
Only drug that acts against the exoerythrocytic and gametocytic forms
Primaquine
Only agent that prevents relapse malarial infections because it works against the exoerythrocytic forms
Primaquine
Chloroquine, Quinine, Mefloquine and Primaquine are drugs for this parasitic infection
Malaria
Anti-parasitic that Concentrates in acidic digestive vacuole of parasite to inhibit heme processing
Intracellular accumulation of heme is toxic to parasite
Chloroquine
Mutations in this are associated with increased chloroquine resistance
Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter (PfCRT)
Transports drug out of digestive vacuole
Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter (PfCRT) are associated with increase chloroquine resistance because they do this
Transport drug out of digestive vacuole
Drug with these indications:
Most blood-forms of the plasmodium parasite
Also commonly used in amebiasis
Drug of choice in acute attacks and prophylaxis
Chloroquine
Chloroquine is indicated for most blood-forms of the plasmodium parasite, and is also commonly used in this
Amebiasis
Common resistance mechanism for chloroquine is upregulation of this
P-glycoprotein
P-glycoprotein upregulation is a common resistance mechanism of this drug
Chloroquine
Drug with these adverse effects:
Low doses: GI upset, skin rash, headache, blurring of vision
High doses: skin lesions, peripheral neuropathies, myocardial depression, CNS abnormalities (retinal, auditory, personality disorders), blood dyscrasias
Chloroquine
Headaches and blurring of vision are common adverse effects of low doses of this anti-parasitic
Chloroquine
Myocardial depression, CNS abnormalities (retinal, auditory, personality disorders), and blood dyscrasias are adverse effects of high doses of this anti-parasitic
Chloroquine
Myocardial depression is a characteristic adverse effect of high doses of this anti-parasitic
Chloroquine
CNS abnormalities, including retinal, auditory, and personality disorders are adverse effects of high doses of this anti-parasitic
Chloroquine
Anti-parasitic that Interferes with heme polymerization
Indicated for chloroquine-resistant malaria by P. falciparum
Quinine
Quinine interferes with this
Heme polymerization
Cinchonism (GI upset, headache, tinnitus, vertigo, blurred vision, cardiac conduction problems, contraindicated in pregnancy, and hematological dysfunctions) is a characteristic adverse effect of this anti-parasitic
Quinine
GI upset, headache, tinnitus, vertigo, blurred vision, cardiac conduction problems, contraindicated in pregnancy, and hematological dysfunctions (black box) are adverse effects of this
Quinine
(adverse effects called Cinchonism)
Tinnitus, vertigo and blurred vision are adverse effects of this anti-parasitic
Quinine
Hematological dysfunctions are black box warnings of this anti-parasitic
Quinine
Black box warning for Quinine
Hematological dysfunctions
Anti-parasitic with neurological symptoms (intensifies most neuropsychiatric reactions, and increased aggressive tendencies) and cardiotoxic when used with quinine as adverse effects
Mefloquine
Mefloquine is cardiotoxic when used with this
Quinine
This anti-parasitic is cardiotoxic when used with quinine
Mefloquine
Anti-parasitic used for Prevention (prophylaxis) and treatment of malaria, especially in areas with known chloroquine-resistant malaria
MOA unknown
Adverse effects include GI upset, skin rash, headaches, dizziness, neurological symptoms and cardiotoxicity interaction
Mefloquine
Anti-parasitic used for prevention of malaria infection
Not very useful in acute attacks
Activated to a cellular oxidant, which disrupts membranes and nucleic acid structures
Primaquine
Primaquine is activated to this which disrupts membranes and nucleic acid structures
Cellular oxidant
MOA of primaquine
Activated to a cellular oxidant, disrupts membranes and nucleic acid structures
Anti-parasitic with these adverse effects:
Hemolytic anemia (G6PDH deficient patients at greatest risk)
GI upset
Pruritus
Headaches
Blood dyscrasias
Contraindicated in pregnancy
Primaquine
Hemolytic anemia from Primaquine is at greatest risk in these patients
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient patients
Hemolytic anemia (G6PDH deficient patients most at risk) is an adverse effect of this anti-parasitic
Primaquine
Entamoeba histolytica is the primary causative agent of this
Amebiasis
Chloroquine, Metronidazole and Tinidazole are systemic agents for this parasitic infection
Amebiasis
Paromomycin is a luminal agent for this parasitic infection
Amebiasis
Metronidazole and tinidazole are mixed agents effective against systemic and luminal forms of this parasitic infection
Amebiasis
Infectious organism of the genus Leishmania is common of this parasitic infection
Leishmaniasis
Drug indicated for Leishmaniasis
Adverse effects include pain at injection site, GI upset, and cardiac toxicity
Stibogluconate sodium
MOA of Stibogluconate sodium is related to this
Antimony disruption of glycolysis in parasite
Stibogluconate sodium is indicated for this parasitic infection
Leishmaniasis
One adverse effect of Stibogluconate sodium involves this type of toxcity
Cardiac toxicity
Treatment for Trypanosomiasis that generates highly reactive free radicals and hydrogen peroxides that disrupt parasite membranes and structures
Nifurtimox
Nifurtimox is used for this parasitic infection
Trypanosomiasis
Nifurtimox MOA involves the generation of these
Highly reactive free radicals and hydrogen peroxides that disrupt parasite membranes and structures
Main adverse effect of Nifurtimox
Hypersensitivity reactions (immediate and delayed are common)
Anti-parasitic for Trypanosomiasis that generates oxygen radicals that damage parasite DNA and proteins
Benznidazole
Benznidazole MOA generates these
Oxygen radicals that damage parasite DNA and proteins
Ivermectin is used to treat this parasitic infection
Infection by Nematodes
Anti-parasitic that intensifies GABA-mediated neurotransmission in nematodes causing paralysis
Ivermectin
Ivermectin intensifies this in nematodes causing paralysis
GABA-mediated neurotransmission
Ivermectin intensifies GABA-mediated neurotransmission in nematodes, causing this
Paralysis
Mazzotti reaction is an adverse effect of this
Ivermectin
Mazzotti reaction is an adverse effect of ivermectin that is a potentially life-threatening complex of symptoms that appears related to what?
Intensity of the parasitic load
Mazzotti reaction is likely the physiological response to this
Massive release of parasitic cytoplasm
A potentially life-threatening complex of symptoms that appears related to the intensity of the parasitic load
Includes Fever, urticaria, swollen lymph nodes, cardiovascular effects (hypotension, edema, tachycardia) and abdominal pain
Usually within a week of start of ivermectin treatment
Mazzotti reaction
Mazzotti reaction typically occurs after this much time of starting ivermectin treatment
Within a week
Classified as a neglected parasitic infection in USA by the CDC, calling for greater emphasis
Toxoplasmosis
Treatment for mites that disrupts sodium transport in mite neuronal membranes, causing depolarization and respiratory paralysis
Permethrin
Permethrin is indicated for this
Mites
MOA of Permethrin
Disrupts sodium transport in mite neuronal membranes, causing depolarization and respiratory paralysis