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Nutrition FNH 351 > Antioxidants > Flashcards

Antioxidants Flashcards

1
Q

What are all the antioxidant nutrients?

A

Zinc, Copper, Vit C, E, A, Selenium

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2
Q

Sources of Zinc-

A

Zinc is mostly found in protein rich foods, like animal meats and seafood,
Bound to amino or nucleic acids

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3
Q

Digestion of Zinc:

A

Release zinc from protein or nucleic acids

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4
Q

Absorption of zinc:

A

Carrier mediated

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5
Q

Transport of Zinc:

A

Bound to proteins

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6
Q

Storage of Zinc

A

By metallothionein (also binds Cu)

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7
Q

Zinc absorption enhancers

A

By things that keep it soluble (acids)

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8
Q

Absorption of zinc is inhibited by

A

Factors that form insoluble complexes (oxalic acids, and phytates)

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9
Q

Homeostasis of zinc is regulated at

A

Absorption and excretion

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10
Q

Zincs functions:

A 
Metalloenzymes, 
gene expression, 
immune function, 
insulin release, 
stabilization of membranes, 
and sexual maturation
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11
Q

Zinc interacts with which other vitamins and minerals?

A

Iron
Ca
Cu
Vit A

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12
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

Leads to:
Stunting and delayed growth in children
Anorexia and lethargy in adults
Impaired immune function and wound healing

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13
Q

At risk for zinc deficiency:

A 
Low intake
Reduced absorption (ibs, alcoholism) 
Increased absorption (diuretics)
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14
Q

Zinc toxicity:

A

Acute toxicity leads to gastrointestinal issues

Chronic toxicity can impair Copper Cu balance

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15
Q

Copper is found as

A

Cu2+ or Cu+

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16
Q

Coppers food sources are:

A

Seafood

Meats, Nuts, Seeds, and Legumes

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17
Q

Digestion of copper includes

A

Being hydrolyzed from its bound form

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18
Q

Absorption of copper includes

A

At the brush border: Ctr 1 or DMT1

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19
Q

Copper is transported

A

Inside cells, Bound to chaperone proteins

Via blood, bound to proteins = ceruloplasmin

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20
Q

Liver regulates copper homeostasis by

A

Storage in metallothionein and

Excretion in bile

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21
Q

Functions of copper include

A

Metalloenzymes for Redox Reactions

  1. Antioxidant
  2. Iron transport
  3. ETC
  4. Pigment synthesis
  5. Collagen synthesis
  6. Activation of hormones
  7. Synthesis and degradation of neurological peptides
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22
Q

Nutrient nutrient interactions with Copper

A

Iron,
Zinc
And Vitamin C

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23
Q

Biomarkers for copper

A

Serum ceruloplasmin

erythrocyte Cu/Zn SOD activity

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24
Q

Copper genetic disorder for Deficiency

A

Menkes- ATP7A

impairs release of cu from enterocyte

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25
Q

Genetic disorder causing Cu toxicity

A

Wilson’s: ATP7B

Impairs hepatic excretion/secretion of cu

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26
Q

Risks of deficiency for copper induced by

A

Zinc, high dose supplements, or disease causing low Cu absorption
- leads to decreased copper enzyme activity = anemia, bone abnormalities, depigmentation of skin

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27
Q

Copper toxicity leads to

A

Abdominal pain and liver damage

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28
Q

Vitamin C is found in the form of

A

Ascorbic acid and

Dehydroascorbic acid

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29
Q

Vitamin C is fat or water soluble?

A

Water soluble

30
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin C

A

Scurvy

31
Q

Those at risk for Vit C deficiency include

A

Low intakes
Smokers
Certain disorders

32
Q

Vitamin C’s functions include:

A

Antioxidant:
Cosubstrate/ reducing factor for synthesis: Collagen, Carnitine neurotransmitters and Hormones
Immune function

33
Q

Nutrient Nutrient interactions for vit C

A

Iron (reduces)
Copper (reduces)
Vit E (regenerates reduced form of vit c)

34
Q

Food sources of vit C

A

Fruits and veggies

35
Q

Digestion for vit C

A

None required

36
Q

Absorption of vit C

A

Ascorbic acid: SVCT (sodium dependant, vitamin c transporter)
Inversely related to intake

Dehydroascorbic acid: GLUT

37
Q

How is vit C transported

A

As free ascorbic acid mostly

38
Q

Vitamin C is metabolized to

A

Oxalic acid (may lead to kidney stones)

39
Q

Vitamin C excretion pathway

A

In the urine

40
Q

Vit C toxicity and UL

A

No health impacts except UL based on GI distress

41
Q

Health implications of Vit C supplements

A

May decrease duration of colds, but unlikely to prevent colds, cancer or CVD

42
Q

Vitamin E has __ (#) forms and multiple _______

A

8

Stereoisomers

43
Q

Which form of Vitamin E has the most vit E activity

A

RRR-alpha- tocopherol

44
Q

Vit E EAR and RDA are based on

A

2R forms of alpha-tocopherol -> because they are the most biologically active
2R means carbon 2 is in R formation
Anything that starts with an R

45
Q

Food sources of Vitamin E are

A

Plant foods
Nuts
Seeds
Oil

46
Q

Digestion of Vit E

A

Naturally occurring forms- no digestion needed except micelles, fat soluble
Synthetic forms- require hydrolysis of esters

47
Q

Absorption of Vit E includes

A

Micelles - fat soluble

48
Q

Transport of Vit E includes

A

Fat soluble - chylomicrons + VLDL

49
Q

Vit E is metabolized & excreted

A

Through bile and urine

50
Q

Vitamin E’s metabolic function is

A

As an antioxidant in interior of membranes, protects against lipid peroxidation
(Fat soluble)

51
Q

Nutrient Nutrient Interactions of Vitamin E

A

Selenium
Vit C
PUFA
Impairs beta-carotene & vit K absorption

52
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin E

A

Rare

Causes- hemolytic anemia, degeneration of nerve cells, poor muscle coordination, weakness, brown spots

53
Q

Populations at risk for vitamin E deficiency

A

Fat malabsorptive disorders

Genetic disorders

54
Q

Vitamin E Toxicity

A

Increased risk of bleeding, GI distress

UL established

55
Q

Vitamin A is a ___-soluble vitamin

A

Fat-soluble

56
Q

Vitamin A forms

A

Include retinoids + pre-vitamin A carotenoids

57
Q

RAE for Vitamin A

A

Retinol Activity Equivalent

Takes into account dietary retinoids and conversion of carotenoids to retinoids

58
Q

Sources of Vitamin A

A

Brightly coloured Veg and fruit
Liver
Milk

59
Q

Digestion of Vitamin A

A

Free from proteins or fatty acids

60
Q

Absorption of vitamin A

A

Absorbed with Fats (fat soluble)

61
Q

Transport of Vitamin A

A

Intestine: chylomicron
Liver: bound to RBP / TTR (retinol binding protein and TransThyretin Trimolecular complex)
Inside cells: CRBP and CRABP. (Cellular retinol binding protein, and cellular retinoids acid binding protein)

62
Q

Nutrient-nutrient interactions of Vitamin A

A

Dietary Fat,
protein,
fat soluble vitamins

63
Q

Functions of Vitamin A

A 
Vision- rhodopsin (retinol)
Cellular differentiation + proliferation 
Immune
Reproductive
Bone (gene expression - RA)
64
Q

Deficiency of Vit A

A

Vision - night blindness
Xeropthalmia
Dry/ scaly skin
Depressed immune function

More likely with fat malabsorption or low protein intake

65
Q

Vitamin A Toxicity

A

Only occurs from retinoids

Liver, bone & teratogenic effects

66
Q

Selenium is found in the common forms:

A

Multiple valence states:

Selenomethionine
Selenocysteine (Selenoproteins)

67
Q

Selenium Functions

A

Antioxidant in glutathione peroxidases
Selenoprotein P and other selenoproteins
Thyroid metabolism

68
Q

Selenium deficiency

A

Poor growth
Muscle pain & weakness
White nail beds

Keshan
& Kashin-Beck disease (bone joints)

69
Q

Food sources of Selenium

A

Varies with soil content

Brazil nuts, seafood, meats, and whole grains

Plants= selenomethionine

Animals = selenocysteine

70
Q

Nutrient Interactions

A

Selenium may prevent toxic effects of minerals like arsenic

71
Q

Selenium for chronic disease prevention

A

Studies found:

She may be protective against cancer and CVD,
But very high intakes also associated with increased risk of disease
Narrow range of helpfulness

72
Q

Selenium Excess

A 
Toxicity: 
UL set due to hair and nail loss
GI distress
Neurological disturbances
Garlic breath

Nutrition FNH 351 (2 decks)

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