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Nutrition FNH 351 > Antioxidants > Flashcards

Antioxidants Flashcards

1
Q

What are all the antioxidant nutrients?

A

Zinc, Copper, Vit C, E, A, Selenium

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2
Q

Sources of Zinc-

A

Zinc is mostly found in protein rich foods, like animal meats and seafood,
Bound to amino or nucleic acids

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3
Q

Digestion of Zinc:

A

Release zinc from protein or nucleic acids

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4
Q

Absorption of zinc:

A

Carrier mediated

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5
Q

Transport of Zinc:

A

Bound to proteins

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6
Q

Storage of Zinc

A

By metallothionein (also binds Cu)

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7
Q

Zinc absorption enhancers

A

By things that keep it soluble (acids)

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8
Q

Absorption of zinc is inhibited by

A

Factors that form insoluble complexes (oxalic acids, and phytates)

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9
Q

Homeostasis of zinc is regulated at

A

Absorption and excretion

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10
Q

Zincs functions:

A 
Metalloenzymes, 
gene expression, 
immune function, 
insulin release, 
stabilization of membranes, 
and sexual maturation
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11
Q

Zinc interacts with which other vitamins and minerals?

A

Iron
Ca
Cu
Vit A

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12
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

Leads to:
Stunting and delayed growth in children
Anorexia and lethargy in adults
Impaired immune function and wound healing

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13
Q

At risk for zinc deficiency:

A 
Low intake
Reduced absorption (ibs, alcoholism) 
Increased absorption (diuretics)
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14
Q

Zinc toxicity:

A

Acute toxicity leads to gastrointestinal issues

Chronic toxicity can impair Copper Cu balance

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15
Q

Copper is found as

A

Cu2+ or Cu+

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16
Q

Coppers food sources are:

A

Seafood

Meats, Nuts, Seeds, and Legumes

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17
Q

Digestion of copper includes

A

Being hydrolyzed from its bound form

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18
Q

Absorption of copper includes

A

At the brush border: Ctr 1 or DMT1

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19
Q

Copper is transported

A

Inside cells, Bound to chaperone proteins

Via blood, bound to proteins = ceruloplasmin

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20
Q

Liver regulates copper homeostasis by

A

Storage in metallothionein and

Excretion in bile

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21
Q

Functions of copper include

A

Metalloenzymes for Redox Reactions

  1. Antioxidant
  2. Iron transport
  3. ETC
  4. Pigment synthesis
  5. Collagen synthesis
  6. Activation of hormones
  7. Synthesis and degradation of neurological peptides
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22
Q

Nutrient nutrient interactions with Copper

A

Iron,
Zinc
And Vitamin C

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23
Q

Biomarkers for copper

A

Serum ceruloplasmin

erythrocyte Cu/Zn SOD activity

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24
Q

Copper genetic disorder for Deficiency

A

Menkes- ATP7A

impairs release of cu from enterocyte

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25
Genetic disorder causing Cu toxicity
Wilson’s: ATP7B | Impairs hepatic excretion/secretion of cu
26
Risks of deficiency for copper induced by
Zinc, high dose supplements, or disease causing low Cu absorption - leads to decreased copper enzyme activity = anemia, bone abnormalities, depigmentation of skin
27
Copper toxicity leads to
Abdominal pain and liver damage
28
Vitamin C is found in the form of
Ascorbic acid and | Dehydroascorbic acid
29
Vitamin C is fat or water soluble?
Water soluble
30
Deficiency of Vitamin C
Scurvy
31
Those at risk for Vit C deficiency include
Low intakes Smokers Certain disorders
32
Vitamin C’s functions include:
Antioxidant: Cosubstrate/ reducing factor for synthesis: Collagen, Carnitine neurotransmitters and Hormones Immune function
33
Nutrient Nutrient interactions for vit C
Iron (reduces) Copper (reduces) Vit E (regenerates reduced form of vit c)
34
Food sources of vit C
Fruits and veggies
35
Digestion for vit C
None required
36
Absorption of vit C
Ascorbic acid: SVCT (sodium dependant, vitamin c transporter) Inversely related to intake Dehydroascorbic acid: GLUT
37
How is vit C transported
As free ascorbic acid mostly
38
Vitamin C is metabolized to
Oxalic acid (may lead to kidney stones)
39
Vitamin C excretion pathway
In the urine
40
Vit C toxicity and UL
No health impacts except UL based on GI distress
41
Health implications of Vit C supplements
May decrease duration of colds, but unlikely to prevent colds, cancer or CVD
42
Vitamin E has __ (#) forms and multiple _______
8 Stereoisomers
43
Which form of Vitamin E has the most vit E activity
RRR-alpha- tocopherol
44
Vit E EAR and RDA are based on
2R forms of alpha-tocopherol -> because they are the most biologically active 2R means carbon 2 is in R formation Anything that starts with an R
45
Food sources of Vitamin E are
Plant foods Nuts Seeds Oil
46
Digestion of Vit E
Naturally occurring forms- no digestion needed except micelles, fat soluble Synthetic forms- require hydrolysis of esters
47
Absorption of Vit E includes
Micelles - fat soluble
48
Transport of Vit E includes
Fat soluble - chylomicrons + VLDL
49
Vit E is metabolized & excreted
Through bile and urine
50
Vitamin E’s metabolic function is
As an antioxidant in interior of membranes, protects against lipid peroxidation (Fat soluble)
51
Nutrient Nutrient Interactions of Vitamin E
Selenium Vit C PUFA Impairs beta-carotene & vit K absorption
52
Deficiency of Vitamin E
Rare | Causes- hemolytic anemia, degeneration of nerve cells, poor muscle coordination, weakness, brown spots
53
Populations at risk for vitamin E deficiency
Fat malabsorptive disorders | Genetic disorders
54
Vitamin E Toxicity
Increased risk of bleeding, GI distress | UL established
55
Vitamin A is a ___-soluble vitamin
Fat-soluble
56
Vitamin A forms
Include retinoids + pre-vitamin A carotenoids
57
RAE for Vitamin A
Retinol Activity Equivalent | Takes into account dietary retinoids and conversion of carotenoids to retinoids
58
Sources of Vitamin A
Brightly coloured Veg and fruit Liver Milk
59
Digestion of Vitamin A
Free from proteins or fatty acids
60
Absorption of vitamin A
Absorbed with Fats (fat soluble)
61
Transport of Vitamin A
Intestine: chylomicron Liver: bound to RBP / TTR (retinol binding protein and TransThyretin Trimolecular complex) Inside cells: CRBP and CRABP. (Cellular retinol binding protein, and cellular retinoids acid binding protein)
62
Nutrient-nutrient interactions of Vitamin A
Dietary Fat, protein, fat soluble vitamins
63
Functions of Vitamin A
``` Vision- rhodopsin (retinol) Cellular differentiation + proliferation Immune Reproductive Bone (gene expression - RA) ```
64
Deficiency of Vit A
Vision - night blindness Xeropthalmia Dry/ scaly skin Depressed immune function More likely with fat malabsorption or low protein intake
65
Vitamin A Toxicity
Only occurs from retinoids | Liver, bone & teratogenic effects
66
Selenium is found in the common forms:
Multiple valence states: Selenomethionine Selenocysteine (Selenoproteins)
67
Selenium Functions
Antioxidant in glutathione peroxidases Selenoprotein P and other selenoproteins Thyroid metabolism
68
Selenium deficiency
Poor growth Muscle pain & weakness White nail beds Keshan & Kashin-Beck disease (bone joints)
69
Food sources of Selenium
Varies with soil content Brazil nuts, seafood, meats, and whole grains Plants= selenomethionine Animals = selenocysteine
70
Nutrient Interactions
Selenium may prevent toxic effects of minerals like arsenic
71
Selenium for chronic disease prevention
Studies found: She may be protective against cancer and CVD, But very high intakes also associated with increased risk of disease Narrow range of helpfulness
72
Selenium Excess
``` Toxicity: UL set due to hair and nail loss GI distress Neurological disturbances Garlic breath ```

Nutrition FNH 351 (2 decks)

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