antimicrobials, and antifungals

Question 1

penicillin and cephalosporins

Answer 1

disrupts peptidoglycan synthesis by forming carbohydrate cross linkages, inhibiting penicillin binding proteins.

Question 2

glycopeptides

Answer 2

works on gram positive by inhibiting formation of peptidoglycan cell wall.

Question 3

aminoglycosides,

Answer 3

for serious gram-negative infections it prevents protein translation by blocking mRNA causing misreading of the codons preventing protein synthesis.

Question 4

macrolides

Answer 4

interferes with protein elongation by blocking tRNA in gram positive bacteria

Question 5

tetracyclin

Answer 5

binds to mRNA preventing codon recognition by the ribosome

Question 6

fluoroquinolones

Answer 6

works on gram negative bacteria by inhibiting the enzymes responsible for the unzipping of DNA preventing replication

Question 7

Polyenes

Answer 7

bind to ergosterol (toxic because can also bind to cholesterol) to disrupt the fungal cell wall

Question 8

azoles

Answer 8

prevent ergosterol formation

Question 9

Allylamines

Answer 9

blocks ergosterol formation

Question 10

echinocandins,

Answer 10

inhibit synthesis of glucan polysaccharides effective against candida and aspergillus

Question 11

amphotericin B

Answer 11

IV for systemic fungal infections but toxic.

Question 12

nystatin

Answer 12

topical polyene

Question 13

Fluconazole

Answer 13

new triazole, for yeast infections

Question 14

Itraconazole

Answer 14

filamentous and fungus new triazole

Question 15

terbinafine

Answer 15

dermatophytic infections,

Question 16

caspofungin
micafungin
anidulafungin

Answer 16

echinocandins fungalcidal against aspergilla’s and candida

Question 17

zidovudine

Answer 17

HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Question 18

nevirapine

Answer 18

HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Question 19

saquinavir

Answer 19

HIV viral protease inhibitor

Question 20

Ganciclovir

Answer 20

aciclovir - Ganciclovir active against CMV.

Toxic and given by IV infusion.

Question 21

valganciclovir

Answer 21

aciclovir - pro-drug of ganciclovir
oral alternative for some CMV situations, (treatment and prophylaxis). Bone marrow toxicity
`

Question 22

foscarnet

Answer 22

aciclovir - HSV, VZV and CMV infections, resistant to the nucleoside analogues.
Highly nephrotoxic,
only be given intravenously

Question 23

famciclovir

Answer 23

aciclovir - HSV, shingles

Question 24

valaciclovir

Answer 24

aciclovir - HSV, shingles

Question 25

Cidofovi

Answer 25

Cidofovir is used for CMV retinitis

when other anti-viral drugs are inappropriate

Question 26

ribavirin

Answer 26

interferon alpha

Question 27

Zanamivir

Answer 27

respiratory viruses

Question 28

Oseltamivir

Answer 28

respiratory viruses

Question 29

Benzyl penicillin

Answer 29

Gram positive organisms

Intravenous treatment of pneumococcal, meningococcal and Strep pyogenes infection

Question 30

Amoxicillin, ampicillin

Answer 30

Gram negative activity
(20-30% of coliform now resistant).
oral absorption
It covers streptococci and some coliforms

Question 31

Co-amoxiclav
(amoxicillin +
β-lactamase enzyme inhibitor: clavulanic acid).

Answer 31

Exented spectrum to cover
β-lactamase producing coliforms
beta lactam

Question 32

Flucloxacillin

Answer 32

Resistant to staphylococcal β-lactamase action.
First choice treatment for
staphylococcal infections
penicillin

Question 33

Piperacillin

Answer 33

Extended gram negative cover. 
Activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas. Anti-anaerobic activity, 
(intra-abdominal infection).
Combination with the β-lactamase 
inhibitor tazobactam

Question 34

Imipenem, meropenem

Answer 34

close relatives of the penicillins (carbapenems).
All active against most bacteria,
including anaerobes.

Question 35

cephradine
cefuroxime
ceftriaxone
ceftazidime

Answer 35

cephalosporin’s
Gram positive activity
(e.g. against staphylococcci)
decreases proportionately from first through to third generation drugs

Question 36

gentamicin

Answer 36

aminoglycoside
These are noted for their action against gram negative organisms especially staph not strept
including pseudomonas, with very little resistance seen in the UK
toxic

Question 37

vancomycin

teicoplanin

Answer 37

Activity against
only gram positive organisms,
both aerobic and anaerobic
vancoymycin must be monitored for toxicity

Question 38

Clarithromycin

Erythromycin

Answer 38

macrolides
mainly against
gram positive organisms.
used as an alternative to penicillin in patients with penicillin hypersensitivity (allergy).

Question 39

Azithromycin

Answer 39

macrolides
Azithromycin is a newer macrolide which is useful for single dose
treatment of Chlamydia infection.

Question 40

nalidixic acid
ciprofloxacin
levofloxacin

Answer 40

Wide spectrum of action, active
against nearly all gram negative organisms including pseudomonas
quinolones

Question 41

Fluoroquinolones

Answer 41

inhibit DNA synthesis more directly

quinolones

Question 42

Metronidazole

Answer 42

Effective against anaerobes, both gram positive

(e.g., Clostridia) and gram negative

Question 43

fusidic acid

Answer 43

Staphylococcus aureus can develop resistance very readily to this agent and thus it should always be used in combination with other anti-staphylococcal drugs such as flucloxacillin
only an anti-staph

Question 44

co-trimoxazole

Answer 44

consists of Trimethoprim and Sulphamethoxazole

for UTI’s

Question 45

Clindamycin

Answer 45

The only lincosamide antibiotic in common use and has good activity against gram positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.

Question 46

Linezolid

Answer 46

MRSA

Question 47

daptomycin

Answer 47

gram positive, MRSA

Question 48

nalidixic acid

Answer 48

UTI

Question 49

Nitrofurantoin

Answer 49

UTI