Antimicrobials

Question 1

What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?

Answer 1

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

Question 2

What is the mechanism of action of Beta lactams?

Answer 2

Inhibits (specific peptide layer) cell wall synthesis.

Question 3

What is the mechanism of action of sulphonamides?

Answer 3

Folic acid inhibitor

Question 4

What is the mechanism of action of trimethoprim?

Answer 4

Folic acid inhibitor

Question 5

What is the mechanism of action of monobactams and carbopenems?

Answer 5

Modified B lactams

Question 6

What is the mechanism of action of tetracyclines?

Answer 6

t-RNA inhibition -> inhibit protein synthesis

Question 7

What is the mechanism of action of glycopeptides?

Answer 7

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Question 8

What is the mechanism of action of macrolides?

Answer 8

Inhibit translocation of proteins

Question 9

What is the mechanism of action of fusidic acid?

Answer 9

Inhibits protein synthesis

Question 10

What is the mechanism of action of quinolones?

Answer 10

Inhibits DNA transcription

Question 11

What is the mechanism of action of metronidazole?

Answer 11

Inhibits DNA synthesis and breaks down DNA

Question 12

What is the mechanism of action of nitrofurantoin?

Answer 12

Disrupts DNA

Question 13

What is the mechanism of action of Clindamycin (a lyncosamide)?

Answer 13

Inhibits protein synthesis

Question 14

The outcome of antimicrobials can be classed as 2 things - what are they?

Answer 14

Cidal or static

Question 15

Name the common sulphonamides.

Answer 15

Sulfasalazine

Sulfadiazine

Question 16

Name the common OG beta lactams.

Answer 16

Penicillin
Benzylpenicillin
Amoxacillin
Flucloxacillin

Question 17

Name the common cephalosporins.

Answer 17

Cefuroxime
Cephalexin
Cefataxime

Question 18

Name the common monobactam antimicrobial.

Answer 18

Aztreonam

Question 19

Name the common carbapenem.

Answer 19

Imipenem

Question 20

Name the common tetracyclines.

Answer 20

Tetracycline

Doxycycline

Question 21

Name the common aminoglycosides.

Answer 21

Gentamycin
Streptomycin
Neomycin

Question 22

Name the common glycopeptide antimicrobials.

Answer 22

Vancomycin

Teicoplanin

Question 23

Name the common macrolides.

Answer 23

Erythromycin

Clarithromycin

Question 24

Name the common quinolones.

Answer 24

Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin
Ofloxacin

Question 25

How commonly are sulphonamides used?

Answer 25

Rarely, due to resistance.

Question 26

Due to resistance against sulphonamides, what can we use with them to increase efficacy? When might this be used?

Answer 26

Trimethoprim -> co-trimoxazole. Pneumonia

Question 27

What are the indications for trimethorpim?

Answer 27

UTI | RTI

Question 28

What does trimethoprim work against?

Answer 28

Broad spec - Gram positive and Gram negative, but unknown in anaerobes.

Question 29

Which route of administration is best for efficacy of penicillins?

Answer 29

IV, but can be given orally too :)

Question 30

What do beta lactams/penicillins work against?

Answer 30

Very broad spec - Gram positives and negatives. Unknown for anaerobes

Question 31

What do cephalosporins work against?

Answer 31

Broad spec - Gram positives and negatives. Unknown for anaerobes

Question 32

What does aztreonam work against?

Answer 32

Gram negatives only.

Question 33

What does meropenem/imipenem work against?

Answer 33

Broad spectrum - Gram negatives, gram positives, and anaerobic bacteria.

Question 34

Which specific bacteria are carbopenems good against? Think CF.

Answer 34

Pseudomonas

Question 35

What are the 2 main indications for tetracycline/doxycycline?

Answer 35

- Alternative to beta lactams in renal impairment | - Malaria prophylaxis

Question 36

Which group of antimicrobials are used for chlamydia, cholera, and mycoplasma?

Answer 36

Tetra-cyclines (doxy-, mino-, oxytetra-)

Question 37

Is there tetracycline resistance?

Answer 37

Yes it is widespread

Question 38

What does tetracycline/doxycycline work against?

Answer 38

Broad spec - Gram positive and gram negative. Anaerobes unknown.

Question 39

What do aminoglycosides work against?

Answer 39

Broad spec - Gram negative and gram positive... But NOT anaerobes.

Question 40

What do glycopeptide antibiotics work against?

Answer 40

Gram positives, but not gram negatives.

Question 41

How common is glycopeptide antibiotic resistance?

Answer 41

Uncommon

Question 42

What macrolides work against?

Answer 42

Broad spec Gram positive, and some specific gram negatives.

Question 43

Which groups of antibiotics are commonly assdociated with allergic/hypersensitivity reactions?

Answer 43

- Sulphonamides (but thats fine coz we rarely use them now) | - Beta lactams (mostly penicillins, some cross reactivity with modifieds)

Question 44

What can we use in infective endocarditis if the patient is allergic to penicillins?

Answer 44

Clindamycin

Question 45

What is clindamycin used for?

Answer 45

- IE with penicillin allergy | - Strep bone infections (osteomyelitis)