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Emily: Pharm 2 > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

What is Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC):

A

Lowest concentration of antibiotic required to prevent growth.

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2
Q

What is minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)

A

Lowest concentration required to kill bacteria

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3
Q

List bactericidal medications:

A
  • Penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Vancomycin
  • Quinolones
  • Aztreonam
  • Imipenem
  • Bacitracin
  • Polymyxins
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4
Q

List Bacteriostatic medication:

A
  • Tetracyclines
  • Erythromycin
  • Sulfonamides
  • Trimethoprin
  • Clindamycin
  • Chloramphenicol
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5
Q

List some narrow spectrum antimicrobials:

A
  • Penicillin G
  • Erythromycin
  • Clindamycin
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6
Q

List some broad spectrum antimicrobials:

A
  • Ampicillin
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Cephalosporins
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Tetracyclines
  • Quinolones
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7
Q

List some medications that have a concentration dependent killing

A
  • Aminoglycoside

- Fluoroquinolones

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8
Q

List some medications that have a time dependent killing:

A
  • Beta Lactams
  • Monobactam (Aztreonam)
  • Macrolides (Erythromycin, Clindamycin)
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9
Q

T/F: Continous infusion has shown to be more effective than intermittent boluses for time dependent killing of microbes.

A

FALSE (Continuous infusion has NOT shown…)

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10
Q

What is post antibiotic effect (PAE):

A

antibiotics continue to suppress the growth of bacteria even after the antibiotic is no longer detectable

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11
Q

List some common facts about post antibiotic effects:

A
  • Demonstrated for virtually all antimicrobials
  • Can be decreased in acidic (infected) media
  • During the PAE phase, bacteria are more susceptible to killing by leukocytes
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12
Q

List the mechanisms for acquired resistance to antibiotics:

A
  • decreased permeability
  • Increased efflux pumps
  • Inactivation
  • Modification of the antimicrobial target
  • Development of pathways that bypass the target
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13
Q

What is decreased permeability:

A

-Antibiotics enter the outer membrane of gram - bacteria through specialized channels or porins

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14
Q

Increased efflux is less common, but can be important for what antibiotics:

A
  • Macrolides
  • Fluoroquinolones
  • beta lactams
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15
Q

What inactivates beta lactams:

A

beta-lactamases

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16
Q

Target modification in penicillin binding proteins account for methicillin resistance in staphylococcus and penicillin resistance in :

A
  • pneumococci

- enterococci

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17
Q

List the responses of using combo drugs such as antagonism, indifferent, inbetween, additive, synergistic:

A
  • antagonism is 1 + 1 = 0.5
  • indifferent is 1 + 1 = 1
  • Inbetween is 1 + 1 = 1.5
  • Additive is 1 + 1 = 2
  • Synergistic is 1 + 1 = 3
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18
Q

What are the general principal of therapeutic antimicrobial use:

A
  • Delivery
  • Concentration
  • Time period
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19
Q

List the five clinical situations bactericidal therapy is essential for clinical use:

A
  • Cardiovascular
  • meningitis and cerebral abscess
  • Invasive bacterial infection in severely neutopenic patient
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Treatment of infected prosthesis without removing the device
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20
Q

Effective antibiotic therapy involves integrating information regarding the:

A
  • Patient
  • Invading microbe
  • Antimicrobial agents
21
Q

What antibiotics are safe for use with a pregnant patient:

A
  • penicillins
  • cephalosporins
  • erythromycin
22
Q

What antibiotics are okay for use if necessary:

A
  • Aminoglycosides

- Isoniazid

23
Q

Which medication should be avoided in pregnancy:

A
  • Metranidazole
  • ticarcillin
  • rifampin
  • trimethoprim
  • fluoroquinolones
  • tetracyclines
24
Q

What will tetracycline do in pregnancy:

A

-cause acute fatty necrosis of the liver, pancrease, and possible renal injury

25
What is the 80 percent of nosocomial infection with respiratory, blood, and urinary tract and name the organism.
-Respiratory is 24% Staph and gram - -Blood is 17% S. epidermidis, S. aureus, and enterococcus -Urinary is 36% S. aureus, psuedomonas, E.coli, candida
26
List from greatest to least the infection associated with central lines from femoral, I.J., and subclavian:
- Femoral - I.J. - Subclavian
27
How long is the treatment for catheters infected with S. Aureus:
2 - 4 weeks
28
Need for surgical prophylaxis depends on:
- Risk for infection - Patient related factors - Bacterial milieu - Hospital infection rate for varius procedures - Factors relating to the wound itself
29
Median sternotomies usually have ___ and are covered by cefazolin.
Gram +
30
What type of antibiotic would be used for infected tissues or prosthetic cardiac valves for cellulitis and osteomyelitis:
-antistaphylococcal antibiotics
31
What antibiotics would be used for urinary tract infection with gram - bacilli:
- Fluoroquinolones - aminoglycosides - 3rd generation cepholosporins
32
What is an emerging fluconazole resistant fungal:
-C. albicans
33
Clindamycin is similar to erythromycin, but is more active against many _____.
Anaerobes
34
What is a leading cause of gastrointestinal infection:
-Clostridium Difficile
35
What is the treatment for C. Difficile:
- Metronidazole 1st line - Vancomycin 2nd line - Dificid (fidaxomicin)
36
List the antimicrobials by class:
- Beta Lactams - Cephalosporins - Monobactams, Carbapenems - Macrolides - Fluoroquinolones - Tetracyclines - Aminoglycosides - Miscellaneous Agents
37
What antimicrobial affects the cell wall integrity:
B-Lactams
38
What anitmicrobial affects the DNA synthesis:
Metronidazole
39
What anitmicrobial affects the DNA gyrase:
-Quinolones
40
What anitmicrobial affects the RNA polymerase:
-Rifampicin
41
What anitmicrobial affects the Phospholipid membranes:
-polymyxins
42
What anitmicrobial affects the Protein synthesis of 30s inhibitors:
- Tetracylines - Streptomycin - Spectinomycin - Kanamycin
43
What anitmicrobial affects the protein synthesis of 50s inhibitors:
- Erythromycin - Choramphenicol - Clindamycin - Lincomycin
44
What anitmicrobial affects the Cell wall synthesis:
- D-cycoserine - Vancomycin - Bacitracin - Penicilins - Cephalosporins - Cephamycins
45
What do beta lactams work:
-bind to the penicillin binding protein due to similar structure to D-alanyl-D-alanine
46
What are some beta lactamse inhibitors:
- Sulbactam - Tazobactam - Clavulanic Acid
47
Facts about penicillins:
ADMINISTRATION: - PVK is PO - PCN G is IV/IM HALF LIFE 0.5 hours EFFECTIVE AGAINST: -Strep a and b, some pneumococci, enterococci, H. influenzae, N. meningitis, Treponema pallidum ADVERSE EFFECTS: Hypersensitivity, GI upset, diarrhea, JARISCH-HERXHEIMER rxn -ELIMINATION renal
48
T/F: Ampicillin has a wide tissue distribution including the CNS when inflammed.
TRUE

Emily: Pharm 2 (11 decks)

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