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NUR 326: exam 1 (Abx + HIV) > antimicrobials > Flashcards

antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

antimicrobials

A

meds that slow or inhibit growth of bacteria, or kill bacteria
naturally occurring in nature
synthetic or semi-synthetic

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2
Q

bacteriostatic

A

medications that slow or inhibit bacterial growth

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3
Q

bactericidal

A

medications that kill bacteria

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4
Q

super infection

A

infection that occurs during treatment for a primary infection

(ex: infection from ATB treating C. diff)

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5
Q

prophylactic ATB use

A

ATB used to prevent infections

-surgical procedures: orthopedic, cardiac, abd

-dental procedures in pt at risk for endocarditis (bacteria through bloodstream –> heart): valve disease of prostetic valves

-immunocompromised patients: HIV, chemo, immunosuppression

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6
Q

MOA of ATB’s

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis
increase cell wall permeability
lethal/nonlethal inhibition of protein synthesis
inhibit/alter DNA/RNA synthesis or function
disrupt specific metabolic or biochemical reactions

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7
Q

cell diagram *** PPT p. 7

A
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8
Q

how to choose an ATB

A

-community (viral) vs. HAI/nosocomial (bacterial)

-site of infection

-suspected organism

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9
Q

what to do before starting ATB?

A

cultures –> meningitis, sepsis
*helps identify infectious organism

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10
Q

sputum culture

A

gram stain

culture & sensitivity

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11
Q

urine culture

A

urinalysis
C&S

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12
Q

blood culture

A

aerobic/anaerobic bottles
2 bottles –> one should be peripheral

skin organisms can contaminate**

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13
Q

disk-diffusion test

A

determine what antimicrobial will be effective

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14
Q

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

A

lowest amount of drug that inhibits bacterial growth (doesn’t kill organism)

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15
Q

minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)

A

lowest amount that kills that organism

(lowest concentration that decreases size of bacterial colonies by 99.9%)

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16
Q

how are cultures usually reported?

A

susceptible or resistant

determined by MIC and MBC

17
Q

patient characteristics of ATB allergy

A

anaphylaxis, rash, welts
**NOT N/V

*penicillin/cephalosporin: anaphylactic or not
*sulfa: bactrim
*age extremes (need lower concentrations)
*renal and liver fxn (pt tolerance to ATB)

18
Q

dose and length of treatment is dependent on…

A

-patient/host defense
-site infection
-organism causing infection
-how sick pt is (local or systemic infection)
-time vs. concentration

19
Q

nosocomial infections

A

HAI

increased severity of organisms - *drug resistant strains (MRSA)
*resistance to antimicrobial class (CRE)
*resistance to multiple drugs/classes (MDRO)

20
Q

common HAI infections

A

CLABSI: central line associated bloodstream infection
CAUTI: catheter-associated UTI

NG tubes
surgery
invasive procedures
medical illness

21
Q

post-op infections

A
  1. respiratory:
    atelectasis: collapse of alveoli
    risk of PNA
  2. wounds:
    dehiscence: opening is easy entry for bacteria
  3. UTI
22
Q

antimicrobial resistance

A

organisms are able to live and grow in an environment where antimicrobials are present

-innate resistant (since birth)
-sharing of genetic material between organisms
-mutations: exposure to antimicrobial agent OR not given or taken long enough to kill all of the organisms

23
Q

multi drug resistant organisms (MDROs)

A

ESKAPE
e- enterococcus faecium
s- staphylococcus aureus
k- klebsiella pneumoniae
a- acinetobacter baumannii
p- pseudomonas aeruginosa
e- enterobacter spp.

24
Q

ATB prescribing - what should you teach your patient?

A

URI: bronchitis mostly viruses

1 in 4000 chance ATB will help acute URI
1 in 1000 chance ATB will send you to the ED (rash, allergic rxn, diarrhea)

25
Q

environment- c. diff and VRE

A

c. diff spores can survive 5 or more months

VRE can contaminate cushions – then other people

26
Q

environment- clothing

A

37% gowns contaminated after caring for VRE pt

65% gowns contaminated after morning care for MRSA (wound/urine) pt

40% contamination after care of pt colonized with MRSA or VRE

**69% white coats contaminated with MRSA or VRE – 27% contamination of hands

27
Q

transcription

A

happens in nucleus
mRNA
cytoplasm

28
Q

translation

A

cytoplasm
mRNA
add amino acids
protein synthesis

NUR 326: exam 1 (Abx + HIV) (6 decks)

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