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Pharmacology > Antimicrobial Review (need to know) > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Review (need to know) Flashcards

1
Q

what ADRs are seen with chloramphenicol

A

aplastic anemia in people, dose-dependent reversible anemia/neutropenia in cats with >60mg/kg/day, rare aplastic anemia/neutropenia in dogs

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2
Q

what is the most severe ADR associated with clindamycin

A

fatal diarrhea in horses and rabbits! do not use in them

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3
Q

what drug class is clindamycin in?

A

lincosamides

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4
Q

what is the most severe ADR associated with erythromycin

A

fatal diarrhea in adult horses at antibiotic dose

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5
Q

what are the 3rd generation cephalosporins

A

ceftiofur, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefovecin

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6
Q

what are the 1st generation cephalosporins

A

cefazolin, cephalexin

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7
Q

which drugs are hydrophilic and thus unable to penetrate abscesses, get into cells, or get into protected sites

A

aminoglycosides, beta-lactams (penicillins and cephalosporins)

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8
Q

are beta-lactams time or concentration dependent? what does this mean for dosing?

A

time
need concentrations above MIC for 50% of dosing interval in immunocompetent patients with gram positive infections
80% for gram neg
90% for immunosuppressed

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9
Q

are aminoglycosides time or concentration dependent? what does this mean for dosing?

A

concentration
Cmax must reach 8-10 times the MIC of the bacteria
increase the dose to get increased concentrations when treating intermediate susceptibility

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10
Q

are fluoroquinolones time or concentration dependent? what does this mean for dosing?

A

concentration
AUC must reach 100-125 times the MIC of the bacteria for gram negs.
can increase dose and/or decrease interval b/c dose based on area under the curve (do not split dose!)

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11
Q

what is the most important ADR with aminoglycosides and how can this be minimized

A

nephrotoxicity is associated with a trough concentration >2mcg/mL.
dose SID because a lower dose BID would allow more drug into the cells and increase risk for nephrotoxicity

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12
Q

what dose of enrofloxacin is likely to cause ocular toxicity in cats

A

5mg/kg or higher

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13
Q

which abx are cell wall synthesis inhibitors? are they static or cidal

A

beta-lactams
cidal

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14
Q

are protein synthesis inhibitors static or cidal

A

most are static
aminoglycosides are cidal

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15
Q

what is the MOA of fluoroquinolones

A

DNA gyrase inhibitors

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16
Q

what is the MOA of nitroimidazoles

A

DNA synthesis inhibitors thru toxic metabolites

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17
Q

what is the MOA of potentiated sulfonamides

A

folic acid inhibitors

18
Q

what is the MOA of beta lactams

A

cell wall inhibitors

19
Q

what is the MOA of aminoglycosides

A

protein synthesis inhibitors - 30s

20
Q

what is the MOA of tetracyclines

A

protein synthesis inhibitors - 30s

21
Q

what is the MOA of macrolides

A

protein synthesis inhibitors - 50s

22
Q

what is the MOA of lincosamides

A

protein synthesis inhibitors - 50s

23
Q

what is the MOA of phenicols

A

protein synthesis inhibitors - 50s

24
Q

what ADRs are seen with potentiated sulfonamides that limit their use

A

dobermans very predisposed to hypersensitivity reaction (hepatotox, thrombocytopenia). do not use in this breed
should also be avoided in hypothyroid animals

25
Q

what do you need to keep in mind with ear drops?

A

gentamycin is ototoxic and should not be used topically with ruptured ear drum
risk of deafness and vestibular dz

26
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of tetracyclines

A

jack of all trades. master of rickettsia. lots of resistence out there

27
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of potentiated sulfonamides

A

jack of all trades. master of none.
does not cover anaerobes

28
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of aminopenicillins? which drugs are in this group

A

strep!!, anaerobes!!, some gram neg aerobes (not a go to for gram negs unless in urine)
amoxicillin and ampicillin

29
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of aminopenicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitors

A

same as aminopens alone (strep, anaerobes, some gram neg aerobes) PLUS a good choice for methicillin susceptible staphs and bacteroides

30
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of 1st gen cephalosporins? which drugs are in this group

A

strep!!, some meth susceptible staphs, ok for anaerobes, cefazolin ok for gram negs

cefazolin and cephalexin

31
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of 3rd gen cephalosporins? which drugs are in this group

A

strep!!, some meth susceptible staphs, some anaerobes, gram negatives at higher doses
ceftiofur best for gram negs
ceftiofur, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefovecin

32
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of aminoglycosides

A

gram negatives!!, staphs (reserved for meth resistant ones)

NO strep, NO anaerobes

33
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of fluoroquinolones

A

gram neg!!, staph (reserved for meth resistant ones), rickettsia, mycoplasma

rarely strep, NO anaerobes

active in purulent environments

34
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of macrolides and lincosamides? which drugs are in this group

A

gram positive aerobes
some anaerobes
-R. equi
good for abscesses and intracellular

macrolides - erthromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
lincosamides - clindamycin

35
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of phenicols? which drugs are in this group

A

gram positive aerobes, anaerobes, some gram negs, mycoplasma, rickettsia
good for abscesses and intracellular bacteria

36
Q

what is the spectrum of activity of nitroimidazoles

A

anaerobes!!! and protozoa

37
Q

how are beta lactams eliminated

A

in the urine at high concentrations, so great for UTI!!

38
Q

what is the general rule for remembering static vs cidal

A

protein synthesis inhibitors (except aminoglycosides) are static. everything else is cidal

39
Q

what is the general rule for remembering excretion

A

macrolides, lincosamides, nitroimidazoles and pradofloxacin mostly hepatic elimination

40
Q

what is the general rule for remembering distribution

A

beta-lactams and aminoglycosides are not widely distributed b/c they are water soluble

41
Q

what is the general rule for remembering oral absorption

A

benzylpenicillins and aminoglycosides are not orally absorbed in any species

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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