Antimicrobial Resistance + Review of Microbiology

Question 1

Unicellular form of fungi

Answer 1

Yeasts eg. Candida

Question 2

Filamentous form of fungi

Answer 2

Mold eg. Aspergillus

Question 3

Dimorphic form of fungi

Answer 3

assume either unicellular or filamentous form eg. Histoplasma, Coccidioidomycoses

Question 4

Fungal infection (mycoses) can be classified into 3 major clinical types of diseases

Answer 4

Superficial, Systemic, Opportunistic

Question 5

Size of bacteria

Answer 5

different (1-20um or larger)

Question 6

Shapes of bacteria

Answer 6

spirals, rods, spheres

Question 7

Spacial arrangement of bacteria

Answer 7

Single cells, chains, clusters

Question 8

Causative organism of otitis media

Answer 8

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 9

Causative organisms of pneumoniae

Answer 9

CA: S.pneu, Haemophilus influenzae, S.aureus
atypical: Mycoplasma pneu, Chlamydia pneu, Legionella pneumophilia
TB: MTB

Question 10

Causative organisms of sinusitis

Answer 10

S.pneu, Haemophilus influenzae

Question 11

Causative organisms of URTI

Answer 11

S.pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae

Question 12

Laboratory diagnostics

Answer 12

Microscopy, Culture, Biochemistry, Serologic/Immunologic diagnostics, Molecular/nucleic acid-based diagnostics, Mass spectrometry

Question 13

Staphylococcus

Answer 13

gram pos cocci in clusters

Question 14

Escherichia coli

Answer 14

gram neg rods

Question 15

Streptococcus

Answer 15

gram pos cocci in chains

Question 16

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 16

gram pos diplococcus

Question 17

Factors affecting in vivo activity (6)

Answer 17

1. Patient’s immune system
2. Protein binding of drug
3. Ability of drug to reach site of infection
4. Drainage/removal of infected foci
5. Drug interactions
6. Some bacteria may only express enzymes that inhibit abx in vivo

Question 18

Antimicrobial testing to determine susceptibility of a presumed pathogen to antimicrobials

Answer 18

• clinically significant isolate
• from appropriately collected specimen
• possibility of resistance to primary therapeutic agents
• when standard performance methods and interpretive criteria are established

Question 19

Breakpoint

Answer 19

Critical concentration which predict susceptibility/resistance

Question 20

Buffer zone

Answer 20

Margin of error, should prevent small, uncontrolled, technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation

Question 21

Uses of antibiograms

Answer 21

• Assess local susceptibility rates
• Monitor trends over time
• Empiric therapy: guides selection of treatment when culture and susceptibility results are not avail