Antiinfectives Flashcards
Bacteria
disease producing organisms
-Bacilli: elongated or rod-shaped.
-Cocci: spherical cocci appear in clusters (staphylococci)
cocci arranged in chains (streptococci)
-Gram-positive
-Gram-negative
Antibacterials and Antimicrobials:
◦Substances that inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacteria and other microorganism
Antibiotics:
◦Chemicals produced by one kind of microorganism that inhibits the growth of or kills another
Bacteriostatic
Inhibit growth of bacteria
Bacteriocidal
Kill bacteria
Narrow spectrum
primarily effective against one bacteria type
Broad spectrum
- effective against gram-positive and gram-negative
- often used to treat infections when the offending microorganism has not been identified by C&S
Culture and Sensitivity
Used to detect the infective microorganisms present in a fluid sample (blood, sputum, urine and wounds)
◦The organism causing the infection is determined by culture
◦the antibiotics the organism is sensitive to are determined by sensitivity
Mechanism of action
- Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis
- Alteration of membrane permeability
- Inhibition of protein synthesis
- Inhibition of synthesis of bacterial RNA and DNA -Interference of metabolism within the cell
Natural or inherent resistance
Occurs without any previous exposure to an antibacterial drug.
acquired resistance
Prior exposure to drug
cross-resistance
Can occur between antibacterial drugs that have similar actions. (penicillins and cephalosporins)
nosocomial infection
Hospital aquired infections due to drug resistant bacteria.
Antibiotic misuse
Viral infections
-No infection is present
-Taken incorrectly
◦skipping doses ◦not taking the full antibiotic regime
3 Major Adverse reactions
-Allergic reactions ◦rash ◦anaphylaxis -Organ toxicity ◦liver (metabolism) ◦kidneys (excretion) -Superinfection
Superinfection
Secondary infection:
-normal flora of the body is disturbed mouth, skin, respiratory tract, vagina, intestines, Usually occurs after be treated for more than one week with an antibiotic.
Action of Amoxicillin (Amoxil)
Inhibits enzyme in the cell wall synthesis
Therapeutic effects of Amoxicillin (Amoxil)
Respiratory tract infections, UTI’s otitus media and sinusitis.
Contraindications of Amoxicillin (Amoxil)
Inflammatory bowel disease
Side effects/Adverse reactions of Amoxicillin (Amoxil)
Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, rash, bone marrow suppression, stevens-johnson syndrome.
Drug/Lab/Food interactions of Amoxicillin (Amoxil)
Increased bleeding, liver enzymes, kidney (BUN&Creatinin), PTINR can increase do not give with acidic fruits or juices.
Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors
Broad spectrum antibiotic is combined with a beta-lactamase (enzyme) inhibitor
- Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (Augmentin)
- Inhibits the bacterial beta-lactamases, making the antibiotic effective and extending its antimicrobial effect
Nursing Process: Penicillins
VS, Temp, Labs (kidney, renal, PTINRs, take with food, monitor for superinfection, increase fluids
Cephalosporins
Prototype: Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
Used for urinary, bone, joint and skin infection and otitus media
Action of Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
Inhibits bacteria cell wall synthesis
Therapeutic effects of Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
Used for urinary, bone, joint and skin infection and otitus media
Contraindications/Cautions of Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
Bleeding and gall bladder disease
Side effects/adverse reactions of Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Rash, anafilaxis and agranulocytosis.
Drug/lab/food interactions of Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
Increased nephrotoxicity with loop diuretics, bleeding with anticoagulants and liver enzymes.
Nursing process of cephalosporins
VS, *Temp, allergies, CNS, Superinfections, increase fluids.
