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DEENT > Antihistamines PCOL > Flashcards

Antihistamines PCOL Flashcards

1
Q

The receptors important in the histamine signaling pathway include H1, H2, H3 and H4. Which of these receptors are G-Protein-linked 7-transmembrane receptors?

A. H1 and H2

B. H3 and H4

C. H1 only

D. H2 only

E. All of them

A

E

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2
Q

Which of these receptos is coupled to the G-protein Gs that causes an increase in cAMP?

A. H1

B. H2

C. H3

D. H4

A

B

Remember that Gs means “G-protein stimulatory” so thing of an increase in cAMP

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3
Q

Which of the Histamine receptors is coupled to Gq that causes an increase in IP3 and DAG?

A. H1

B. H2

C. H3

D. H4

A

A

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4
Q

Which Histamine receptor is coupled to Gi and causes a decrease in cAMP?

A. H1

B. H2

C. H3

D. H4

E. H3 and H4

A

E

They both do and remember the Gi means “G-protein inhibitory” so think of it as inhibiting cAMP.

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5
Q

Where is histamine located within the body?

A. Basophils

B. Mast Cells

C. CNS

D. Enterochomaffin-like cells (ECL) in stomach

E. All of the above

A

E

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6
Q

T/F Basophils carry histamine in granules throughout the blood and mast cells are located in almost all tissues

A

T

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7
Q

What is the function of histamine in the CNS?

A. Acts as a neutrotransmitter

B. Responsible for cardiovascular regulation

C. Responsible for thermal and body weight regulation

D. Responsible for neuroendocrine control and sleep/arousal

E. All of the above

A

E

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8
Q

What is the function of histamine on Enterochomaffin-like cells (ECL) in the stomach?

A. Releases granules containing histamine

B. Activates acid production

C. Sensitizes ECL cells in the stomach with IgE antibodies

D. Increases motility of the stomach

A

B

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9
Q

In the following picture the body has already been exposed to an allergen and a particular antibody has now been released in respnonse to the antigen (Circled in red). What is the name of this antibody?

A. IgA

B. IgD

C. IgE

D. IgM

A

C

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10
Q

In this picture IgE has been released in response to an allergen that has entered the body. As a result IgE has now bound itself to the receptor sites on the mast cells. What is this particular phenomenon called?

A. Mast Cell Degranulation

B. Mast Cell Degredation

C. Mast Cell Desensitization

D. Mast Cell Sensitization

A

D.

At this point in the process the mast cell has become “Sensitized” because it now has IgE bound to its receptors. It hasn’t degranulated just yet and the cel has not degraded because thats not how IgE works.

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11
Q

Based on the picture shown, what is the purpose of the antibodies that are now fixated on the mast cells? (select all)

A. They serve no particular purpose

B. The sensitized mast cells now have IgE antibodies that are specifically made to capture specific antigens in the blood

C. The IgE antibodies have sensitized the mast cells and the mast cells can respond faster to the same antigen if it enters the body again (subsequent invasions).

D. The antibodies block receptor sites on the mast cells in order to prevent the immune system response to a particular antigen.

A

B, C

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12
Q

Based on the picture shown, what is occuring now that the sensitized mast cell has been exposed to an antigen and captured it with it’s anchored IgE antibodies?

A. Degranulation

B. Release of histamine and Kinins

C. Release of Serotonin and Prostaglandins

D. Release of platelet activating factor

E. All of the above

A

E

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13
Q

What is the proper order for the phases of an Allergic Response?

I. Sensitization Phase

II.Late Phase

III. Cellular Recruitment

IV. Early Phase

A. II, IV, I, III

B. I, IV, III, II

C. I, III, IV, II

D. IV, III, II, I

A

B

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14
Q

What occurs during the sensitization phase of the allergic response?

A. Re-exposure causes release of histamine and proteases from mast cells

B. Allergen stimulates IgE production and IgE binds to mast cells

C. Circulating lekocytes like basophils and eosinophils are recruited to release more inflammatory mediators

D. After 2-4 hours mucus hypersecretion occurs

A

B

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15
Q

What happens during the Early phase of the Allergic response?

A. Re-exposure to antigen causes release of histamine and proteases from mast cells.

B. Allergen stimulates IgE production and IgE binds to mast cells.

C. Circulating leukocytes like basophils and eosinophils are recruited to release more inflammatory mediators

D. After 2-4 hours, mucus hypersecretion occurs

A

A

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16
Q

What happens during the Cellular Recruitment phase of the Allergic Response?

A. Allergen stimulates IgE production and IgE binds to mast cells

B. After 2-4 hours, mucus hypersecretion occurs

C. Circulating leukocytes like basophils and eosinophils are recruited to release more inflamatory mediators

D. Re-exposure causes release of histamine and proteases from mast cells

A

C

17
Q

What happens during the Late Phase of the Allergic Response?

A. After 2-4 hours, mucus hypersecretion occurs

B. Re-exposure causes release of histamine and proteases from mast cells.

C. Allergen stimulates IgE production and IgE binds to mast cells

D. Circulating leukocytes like basophils and eosinophils are recruited to release more inflammatory mediators

A

A

18
Q

What are H1 antihistamines known as?

A. Full agonists

B. Partial agonists

C. Full inverse agonists

D. Antagonists

A

C

Need to look up how inverse agonists, full agonists, partial agonists and antagonists work again. We wil go over it.

19
Q

What does an Inverse agonist do to an active receptor?

A. No change in receptor activity

B. Put the receptor in a more active state

C. Block the receptor only

D. Bind and stabilize the receptor in an inactive state

A

D

20
Q

Based on the picture provided what can be said about an H1 receptor blocker (antihistamine)?

A. Antihistamines act as inverse agonists at H1 receptors

B. Antihistamines have affinities for Muscarinic receptors, a-Adrenoreceptors, Serotonin recetpros and H1 receptors.

C. Antihistamines are called antagonists when blocking Muscarinic, a-Adrenoreceptors, and serotonin receptors but act as Inverse agonists at H1 receptors.

D. Since antihistamines can bind to multiple receptors you could expect to see more side effects from these drugs.

E. All of the above

A

E

21
Q

Which of these following statments are true regarding 1st and 2nd generation antihistamines? (Select All)

A. 1st Generation antihistamines specifically block the H1 receptor

B. 2nd Generation antihistamines specifically bind to the H1 receptor.

C. 2nd Generation antihistamines are non-ionized (uncharged) and can pass through the blood brain barrier and cause sedation-like side effects

D. 1st generation antihistamines can cross the blood brain barrier and cause sedation-like side effects

E. 2nd Generation antihistamines are associated with fewer sedation-like side effects because they are more ionized (charged) and cannot readily cross the blood brain barrier.

A

B, D, E

22
Q

What are the common side effects of first generation H1 antihistamines?

A. Sedative effects

B. Paradoxical excitment in children

C. Decreased cognition and coordination

D. Increased appetite.

E. All of the above

A

E

23
Q

T/F Antihistamines have anticholinergic effects that can cause ANTI-SLUDGE side effects.

A

T

Remember Dr. Maize’s saying

Cant SEE

Cant PEE

Cant SPIT

Cant SHIT

24
Q

What are the primary uses for 1st and 2nd generation antihistamines?

A. Anti-allergy and Insomnia

B. Uticaria

C. Parkinsons disease and movement disorders (anticholinergic effects)

D. Motion sickness/antiemetic (scopolamine)

E. All of the above

A

E

25
Q

What is the purpose of Nasal Saline? (Select all)

A. Improve mucus clearance

B. Block H1 and H2 receptors

C. Enhance ciliary beating

D. Enhance sensitization process of mast cells

E. Removes antigens and inflammatory mediators

A

A, C, E

DEENT (3 decks)

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