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Antihelminthic Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is Taenia saginata?

A

Beef Tapeworm

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2
Q

What are the flatworms?

A

T. saginata, T. solium, Diphyllobothrium latum, Hymenolepis nana, Schistosoma hematobium, S. mansoni, S. japonicum

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3
Q

What is T. solium?

A

Pork Tapeworm

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4
Q

What is Diphyllobothrium latum?

A

Fish Tapeworm

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5
Q

How do you get T. saginata?

A

Eating undercooked meat

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6
Q

How do you get T. solium?

A

Eating undercooked pork

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7
Q

How do you get D. latum?

A

Eating undercooked fish

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8
Q

What is the largest tapeworm?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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9
Q

What is the main nutrient that D. latum robs from the host?

A

B12

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10
Q

What is the lifecycle of T. solium and saginata?

A
  1. Animals become infected by eating eggs or proglottids 2. Oncospheres hatch and penetrate intestinal walls and circulate to the muscles 3. Oncospheres develop into cysticerci in muscle 4. Cysticerci eaten by humans 5. Cysticerci grow into worms
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11
Q

What causes cysticercosis?

A

Autoinfection by T. solium. Same lifecycle as normal, but simply in the human. Cysticerci develop in brain, liver, and other tissues

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12
Q

What is a high risk of T. solium infection?

A

Neurocysticercosis

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13
Q

What is Hymenolepis nana?

A

Dwarf Tapeworm

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14
Q

What is the most common Tapeworm infection?

A

Hymenolepis nana

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15
Q

How is one infected by H. nana?

A

Ingesting eggs. Humans can transmit to humans. Children predominatly infected

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16
Q

What are Cestodes?

A

Tapeworms

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17
Q

What are Trematodes?

A

Flukes or Schistosomes

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18
Q

What does Praziquantel treat?

A

Cestode and Trematode infestations

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19
Q

How does Praziquantel work?

A

It disrupts Ca2+ homeostasis, causing muscular contraction followed by spastic paralysis. Worms dislodge and die

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20
Q

What is the drug of choice for all forms of schistosomiasis?

A

Praziquantel

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21
Q

What does Praziquantel not kill?

A

Eggs of T. solium

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22
Q

What is one of the major risks of taking Praziquantel?

A

Severe rxn to dying worms

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23
Q

What are the Nematodes?

A

Necator americanus, Ancylostoma doudenale, Enterobiasis, Ascariasis, Trichuriasis, Trichinella spiralis, Filariasis, Loa loa, Anchocerca volvulus

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24
Q

What are the hookworms?

A

Necator americanus and Ancylostoma doudenale

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25
Q

How do hookworms infect their host?

A

Through the skin or oral ingestion

26
Q

What is the most common worm infection in the US?

A

Enterobiasis

27
Q

What is the infection cycle for Enterobiasis?

A
  1. Female lays eggs on anus at night, 2. Eggs grabbed by fingers, 3. Eggs ingested
28
Q

What is the most common worm infection in the world?

29
Q

Where do ascaris reside?

A

Small Intestine

30
Q

What is the Ascaris lifecycle?

A
  1. Ingested Eggs, 2. Larva hatch in SI, 3. Penetrate intestinal wall transported to lungs, 4. ~10d worms pass through lungs to trachea and are re-swallowed, 5. Return to SI
31
Q

What infection is common in tourists who vist the subtropics and the S.E. US?

A

Trichuriasis

32
Q

Where do Trichuris live?

A

Large Intestine

33
Q

What are some of the symptoms of Trichuriasis?

A

Irritation, Inflammation of colonic mucosa, abdominal pain, diarrhea, distention

34
Q

How do you get Trichuriasis?

A

Ingesting eggs in contaminated food/liquids

35
Q

Where do filaria live?

A

Lymphatics

36
Q

What organisms cause Filariasis?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Loa Loa, Onchocerca volvulus

37
Q

How are filaria transmitted?

A

Mosquitoes

38
Q

What do filaria cause?

A

Elephantiasis

39
Q

How is Loa loa transmitted?

A

Deer Flies

40
Q

How is Onchocerca volvulus transmitted?

A

Female Blackflies

41
Q

What is the worst outcome of Loa loa infection?

A

Ocular lesions can lead to blindness

42
Q

What does Onchocerca volvulus cause?

A

River blindness

43
Q

What are the Benzimidazoles?

A

Mebendazole, Thiabendazole, Albendazole

44
Q

What is the MOA of the Benzimidazoles?

A

Bind to tubulin. Microtubules grow from the (+) end and benzimidazoles cap the microtubules, The microtubules then shorten on the (-) end

45
Q

How can you increase the absorption of benzimidazoles?

A

Eating a fatty meal

46
Q

How do you specify P.O requirements when treating luminal parasites w/ benzimidazoles?

A

Take on empty stomach

47
Q

How do you specify P.O. requirement when taking benzimidazoles for tissue infections?

A

Take w/ a fatty meal

48
Q

Which benzimidazole forms an active metabolite on hepatic metabolism?

A

Albendazole is converted to an active sulfoxide form

49
Q

Which benzimidazole is more toxic?

A

Thiabendazole; this makes it no longer preferred

50
Q

What is the drug of choice for cysticercosis?

A

Albendazole

51
Q

What is the drug of choice for pinworms, hookworms, ascariasis, trichuriasis, and strongyloidiasis?

A

Albendazole

52
Q

What is treated w/ Mebendazole?

A

Pinworms, hookworms, ascariasis, and trichuriasis

53
Q

What is Diethylcarbamazine used to treat?

A

Filariasis and loiasis

54
Q

What is the Mazzotti rxn?

A

Severe immune response to dying worms

55
Q

What does Ivermectin treat?

A

Strongyloidiasis and Onchocerciasis

56
Q

What is the MOA for Ivermectin?

A
  1. Paralyzes microfilariae, 2. Intensifies GABA-mediated transmission of signals in peripheral nerves, 3. Allows host cytotoxic cells to adhere
57
Q

Does Ivermectin kill adult worms?

A

No, it only blocks progeny release

58
Q

Why are many herding breeds sensitive to Ivermectin?

A

They lack the P-glycoprotein transporter (MDR1 gene) in the brain

59
Q

What is a broad spectrum antihelminth?

A

Pyrantel pamoate

60
Q

What can Pyrantel pamoate not treat?

A

migratory stages or ova of helminths

61
Q

What is the MOA of Pyrantel Pamoate?

A

Neuromuscular blocking agent; Causes release of ACh and inhibits cholinesterase. This paralyzes worms

62
Q

How can Doxy be used to treat onchocerciasis?

A

It kills the bacterial symbiant Wolbachia which is required for the adult onchocerca worm to live

Pharmacology (3 decks)

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