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IHL Exam 2 > Antigen/ Ab Reactions (Bowden) > Flashcards

Antigen/ Ab Reactions (Bowden) Flashcards

1
Q

What are circulating Abs

A

soluble glycoproteins that recognize and bind Ag

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2
Q

What is the structure of Ab

A

unit of 4 polypeptide chains

2 heavy and 2 light

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3
Q

5 classes of Ab in mammal

A

IgG IgM IgA IgE and IgD

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4
Q

term for exceptional variability in variable regions of heavy and light chains

A

hypervariable regions (30,50 and 95)

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5
Q

What do hypervariable regions have to increase Ag binding

A

interaction site that is complementary in shape charge and hydrophobicity to the epitope it binds
called Complementarity determining regions

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6
Q

How many complementarity determining regions are there

A

6 CDR per Ab and TCR

idiotypes

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7
Q

how do the isotopes of Ig differ

A

size charge aa sequence and carb content. Functional differences

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8
Q

How are isotopes determined

A

by C region of H chain

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9
Q

Allotype

A

allelic differences on H chain

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10
Q

Idiotype

A

Antigenic determinants on the V regions- we all see antigens just see different parts of it

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11
Q

What occurs after Ab bind Ag

A

promotion of killing or removal of immune complex through activation of effector mechanisms

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12
Q

Effector functions

A

binding Ab to R on host tissues

and start the complement cascade with C1q

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13
Q

Each immunogobulin isotype mediatesā€¦

A

..a distinct set of effector functions

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14
Q

What is the first Ab in the primary response

A

IgM, because first gene in the line, produced by neonates

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15
Q

What is the structure of IgM

A

pentamer- 10 antigen binding sites- good for binding viruses and RBCs
efficient in binding complement

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16
Q

Where is IgM expressed

A

on B cells in monomeric form

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17
Q

What is unique about IgM structure

A

J piece: Fc linked polypeptide that is disulfide bonded to 2/10 mu chains
this binds to mucosa

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18
Q

Primary immune response takes how long

A

2 weeks

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19
Q

What is the most abundant Ig in serum

A

IgG

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20
Q

Predominant Ab in the secondary immune response

A

IgG

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21
Q

4 classes or IgG and their structural differences

A

IgG1- IgG4 in order of concentration low to high. differences in structure are on the H chain

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22
Q

What IgG cross placenta

A

all four

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23
Q

Which IgG is an efficient activator of Cā€™

A

IgG3

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24
Q

Which IgG is relatively restricted to carb Ags

A

IgG2

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25
What IgG binds high affinity to Fc R on phagocytic cells low affinity? middle affinity?
IgG1 and IgG3 low= IgG2 medium= IgG4
26
What are the Fc R for IgG and where are they found
CD16: NK cells, monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes CD32: B cells, monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes CD64: monocytes/macrophages
27
What Ig is constituent of secondary immune response
IgA found in serum usually as monomer
28
Describe Secretory IgA
this is the polymer form with J chain, predominant Ig in external secretions concentrated along jejunum of SI
29
What is the purpose of secretory IgA
entry port for Ag Polymeric= efficiency Newborn immunity
30
How long is IgE in serum
about 2 days longer when bound to mast cells.
31
Where does IgE bind
blood basophils and tissue mast cells by Fc R with High affinity. CD23a and CD23b
32
What physiologic response is IgE assoc with
pharmacologic reactions. asthma hay fever, peanut allergy and worm infections.
33
IgD function
no known function in serum. monomeric form is present as an Ag specific R on B cells.
34
R in Ig superfamily
Igalpha/beta heterodimer, IgM, T cell receptor and HLA molecules
35
Immunogens
antigens that induce immune response
36
Epitope
specific part of Ag that contacts site of Ab or TCR to bins. (antigenic determinant)
37
Pathogen
organism that causes disease
38
Haptens
small molecular weight molecules that can bind to an Ab but must be attached to a large carrier to stimulate immune response vaccinations or penicllin allergy
39
Types of endogenous Ags
Autoantigens: self-antigen ex autoimmune diseases Alloantigens: tissue specific ex: ABO, HLA Intracellular Pathogens: viruses, intracell bacteria and parasites, chlamydia, Rickettsia, Plasmodia etc
40
Types of exogenous Ags
Allergens Iatrogenic Microbial
41
Factors that influence immunogenicity
Molecular mass: 1000-10,000kDa for response Foreignness Chemical composition: more complex=more immunogenic Physical form: particulates more immunogenic Degradability:easily phagocytose=more immunogenic Genetic factors: immunological repertoire Age: very young or very old have diminished ability for immune response
42
MEthods of Administration of Igs
Dose: specific dosages are known Route: subcut better than intravenous because phagocytes are there Adjuvants: substances that can enhance the immune response to immunogen
43
Anergy
cells become anergic when the does of Ab is above normal
44
types of immunogens ranked from best to worst
Proteins Polysaccharides Nucleic Acids Lipids
45
The size of a B cell epitope is determined by what
size of the antigen binding site on the Ab. !3D conformation of globular Ag!!
46
composition of epitopes recognized by B cells
generally contain hydrophilic aa
47
If the epitope for B cell consists of non-sequential aa, what is vital
the 3D conformation of epitope
48
Epitopes are assoc with what types of immunogens
soluble or particulate
49
T cells don;t recognize what type of antigens
free peptides. polysaccharide or nucleic acid Ag
50
What do T cells recognize on Ag and why
primary aa sequence because in order to be seen by T cell the Ag is proteolytically degraded into smaller peptides then presented
51
What are the size of epitopes recognized by T cells
8-15 aa, very small and sequentially oriented.
52
How many cellular components are needed for interaction with Ag on T cells
3: TCR Ag and HLA molecule
53
T dependent Ags
requires both Thelper and B cells. these are proteins
54
T independent Ags
Non protein, polysaccharides and lipids that stimulate response without T help. multiple identical epitopes that can cross link B cell R
55
Mitogens
cause cells (lymphocytes) to undergo division
56
What is a mitogen that is a polyclonal activator of human B cells
Endotoxin
57
What substances stimulate T lymphocytes
PHA, ConA, PWM and S. aureus enterotoxinA
58
What substrates activate B cells
SAC and S typhimurium
59
Superantigens
bind directly to HLA class II and Vbeta of TCR. activates distinct set of T cells- large response
60
examples of superantigens
staph enterotoxins (food poisoning) staph toxic shock toxin (toxic shock syndrome) staph exfoliating toxins (scalded skin syndrome) strept pyrogenic exotoxins (shock) also virus and microorganisms superantigens
61
What type of bonds are between Ag and Ab
Hydrogen bonds, electrostatic bonds van der waals forces and hyrdophobic forces all together strong interaction but still reversible
62
Affinity
strength of interaction between univalent Ag (epitope) and univalent Ab(idiotype)
63
Avidity
Strength of interaction between multivalent Ag and multivalent Ab. depends on number of binding sites and ability of Ab to engage multiple epitopes on Ag
64
Are avidity and affinity related
avidity is dependent on affinities
65
Which Ig have 10E3 or 10E7 multivalence advantage
IgG and IgM
66
which Ig are defined as affinity? | avidity?
Fab, and IgG are affinity (intrinsic affinity) | IgG and IgM are avidity (functional affinity)
67
How do drugs create immune response
forming multivalent hapten-carrier complexes | hapten is the drug, carrier is a protein that is not immunogenic in free form.
68
Monoclonal antibodies
monospecific identical Ab produced from one immune cell. clones of single parent cell. mAb or moAb
69
Yervoy or ipulimumab
Blocks Ab for CTLA-4 | reverse tumor-mediated immune suppression
70
What do we detect using flow cytometry
CD markers
71
General overview of subgroups of Ags
endogenous, exogenous, T dependent, T independent, mitogens, super Ags

IHL Exam 2 (11 decks)

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