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IHL Exam 2 > Antigen/ Ab Reactions (Bowden) > Flashcards

Antigen/ Ab Reactions (Bowden) Flashcards

1
Q

What are circulating Abs

A

soluble glycoproteins that recognize and bind Ag

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2
Q

What is the structure of Ab

A

unit of 4 polypeptide chains

2 heavy and 2 light

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3
Q

5 classes of Ab in mammal

A

IgG IgM IgA IgE and IgD

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4
Q

term for exceptional variability in variable regions of heavy and light chains

A

hypervariable regions (30,50 and 95)

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5
Q

What do hypervariable regions have to increase Ag binding

A

interaction site that is complementary in shape charge and hydrophobicity to the epitope it binds
called Complementarity determining regions

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6
Q

How many complementarity determining regions are there

A

6 CDR per Ab and TCR

idiotypes

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7
Q

how do the isotopes of Ig differ

A

size charge aa sequence and carb content. Functional differences

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8
Q

How are isotopes determined

A

by C region of H chain

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9
Q

Allotype

A

allelic differences on H chain

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10
Q

Idiotype

A

Antigenic determinants on the V regions- we all see antigens just see different parts of it

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11
Q

What occurs after Ab bind Ag

A

promotion of killing or removal of immune complex through activation of effector mechanisms

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12
Q

Effector functions

A

binding Ab to R on host tissues

and start the complement cascade with C1q

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13
Q

Each immunogobulin isotype mediates…

A

..a distinct set of effector functions

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14
Q

What is the first Ab in the primary response

A

IgM, because first gene in the line, produced by neonates

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15
Q

What is the structure of IgM

A

pentamer- 10 antigen binding sites- good for binding viruses and RBCs
efficient in binding complement

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16
Q

Where is IgM expressed

A

on B cells in monomeric form

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17
Q

What is unique about IgM structure

A

J piece: Fc linked polypeptide that is disulfide bonded to 2/10 mu chains
this binds to mucosa

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18
Q

Primary immune response takes how long

A

2 weeks

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19
Q

What is the most abundant Ig in serum

A

IgG

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20
Q

Predominant Ab in the secondary immune response

A

IgG

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21
Q

4 classes or IgG and their structural differences

A

IgG1- IgG4 in order of concentration low to high. differences in structure are on the H chain

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22
Q

What IgG cross placenta

A

all four

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23
Q

Which IgG is an efficient activator of C’

A

IgG3

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24
Q

Which IgG is relatively restricted to carb Ags

A

IgG2

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25
Q

What IgG binds high affinity to Fc R on phagocytic cells
low affinity?
middle affinity?

A

IgG1 and IgG3
low= IgG2
medium= IgG4

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26
Q

What are the Fc R for IgG and where are they found

A

CD16: NK cells, monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes
CD32: B cells, monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes
CD64: monocytes/macrophages

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27
Q

What Ig is constituent of secondary immune response

A

IgA found in serum usually as monomer

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28
Q

Describe Secretory IgA

A

this is the polymer form with J chain, predominant Ig in external secretions
concentrated along jejunum of SI

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29
Q

What is the purpose of secretory IgA

A

entry port for Ag
Polymeric= efficiency
Newborn immunity

30
Q

How long is IgE in serum

A

about 2 days longer when bound to mast cells.

31
Q

Where does IgE bind

A

blood basophils and tissue mast cells by Fc R with High affinity. CD23a and CD23b

32
Q

What physiologic response is IgE assoc with

A

pharmacologic reactions. asthma hay fever, peanut allergy and worm infections.

33
Q

IgD function

A

no known function in serum. monomeric form is present as an Ag specific R on B cells.

34
Q

R in Ig superfamily

A

Igalpha/beta heterodimer, IgM, T cell receptor and HLA molecules

35
Q

Immunogens

A

antigens that induce immune response

36
Q

Epitope

A

specific part of Ag that contacts site of Ab or TCR to bins. (antigenic determinant)

37
Q

Pathogen

A

organism that causes disease

38
Q

Haptens

A

small molecular weight molecules that can bind to an Ab but must be attached to a large carrier to stimulate immune response
vaccinations or penicllin allergy

39
Q

Types of endogenous Ags

A

Autoantigens: self-antigen ex autoimmune diseases
Alloantigens: tissue specific ex: ABO, HLA
Intracellular Pathogens: viruses, intracell bacteria and parasites, chlamydia, Rickettsia, Plasmodia etc

40
Q

Types of exogenous Ags

A

Allergens
Iatrogenic
Microbial

41
Q

Factors that influence immunogenicity

A

Molecular mass: 1000-10,000kDa for response
Foreignness
Chemical composition: more complex=more immunogenic
Physical form: particulates more immunogenic
Degradability:easily phagocytose=more immunogenic
Genetic factors: immunological repertoire
Age: very young or very old have diminished ability for immune response

42
Q

MEthods of Administration of Igs

A

Dose: specific dosages are known
Route: subcut better than intravenous because phagocytes are there
Adjuvants: substances that can enhance the immune response to immunogen

43
Q

Anergy

A

cells become anergic when the does of Ab is above normal

44
Q

types of immunogens ranked from best to worst

A

Proteins
Polysaccharides
Nucleic Acids
Lipids

45
Q

The size of a B cell epitope is determined by what

A

size of the antigen binding site on the Ab. !3D conformation of globular Ag!!

46
Q

composition of epitopes recognized by B cells

A

generally contain hydrophilic aa

47
Q

If the epitope for B cell consists of non-sequential aa, what is vital

A

the 3D conformation of epitope

48
Q

Epitopes are assoc with what types of immunogens

A

soluble or particulate

49
Q

T cells don;t recognize what type of antigens

A

free peptides. polysaccharide or nucleic acid Ag

50
Q

What do T cells recognize on Ag and why

A

primary aa sequence because in order to be seen by T cell the Ag is proteolytically degraded into smaller peptides then presented

51
Q

What are the size of epitopes recognized by T cells

A

8-15 aa, very small and sequentially oriented.

52
Q

How many cellular components are needed for interaction with Ag on T cells

A

3: TCR Ag and HLA molecule

53
Q

T dependent Ags

A

requires both Thelper and B cells. these are proteins

54
Q

T independent Ags

A

Non protein, polysaccharides and lipids that stimulate response without T help. multiple identical epitopes that can cross link B cell R

55
Q

Mitogens

A

cause cells (lymphocytes) to undergo division

56
Q

What is a mitogen that is a polyclonal activator of human B cells

A

Endotoxin

57
Q

What substances stimulate T lymphocytes

A

PHA, ConA, PWM and S. aureus enterotoxinA

58
Q

What substrates activate B cells

A

SAC and S typhimurium

59
Q

Superantigens

A

bind directly to HLA class II and Vbeta of TCR. activates distinct set of T cells- large response

60
Q

examples of superantigens

A

staph enterotoxins (food poisoning)
staph toxic shock toxin (toxic shock syndrome)
staph exfoliating toxins (scalded skin syndrome)
strept pyrogenic exotoxins (shock)
also virus and microorganisms superantigens

61
Q

What type of bonds are between Ag and Ab

A

Hydrogen bonds, electrostatic bonds
van der waals forces and hyrdophobic forces
all together strong interaction but still reversible

62
Q

Affinity

A

strength of interaction between univalent Ag (epitope) and univalent Ab(idiotype)

63
Q

Avidity

A

Strength of interaction between multivalent Ag and multivalent Ab. depends on number of binding sites and ability of Ab to engage multiple epitopes on Ag

64
Q

Are avidity and affinity related

A

avidity is dependent on affinities

65
Q

Which Ig have 10E3 or 10E7 multivalence advantage

A

IgG and IgM

66
Q

which Ig are defined as affinity?

avidity?

A

Fab, and IgG are affinity (intrinsic affinity)

IgG and IgM are avidity (functional affinity)

67
Q

How do drugs create immune response

A

forming multivalent hapten-carrier complexes

hapten is the drug, carrier is a protein that is not immunogenic in free form.

68
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

monospecific identical Ab produced from one immune cell. clones of single parent cell. mAb or moAb

69
Q

Yervoy or ipulimumab

A

Blocks Ab for CTLA-4

reverse tumor-mediated immune suppression

70
Q

What do we detect using flow cytometry

A

CD markers

71
Q

General overview of subgroups of Ags

A

endogenous, exogenous, T dependent, T independent, mitogens, super Ags

IHL Exam 2 (11 decks)

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