antidiabetics Flashcards
Insulin
Promotes cellular uptake of glucose (use it)
Converts glucose into glycogen (store it)
Glucagon
A hormone formed in the pancreas that promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver. Causes the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream.
Complications type 1
DKA,Hyperglycemia,Ketones in the serum,Acidosis
Dehydration,Electrolyte imbalances.
Approximately 25% to 30% of patients with newly diagnosed type 1 DM present with DKA.
HHNS
Laboratory test
Categories of increased risk for DM
HbA1C of 5.7% to 6.4%
Fasting plasma glucose levels higher than or equal to 100 mg/dL but less than 126 mg/dL
Impaired glucose tolerance test (oral glucose challenge)
Screening recommended every 3 years for all patients 45 years and older
compare and contrast type I and type II DM
type 2:Most common type: 90% of all cases
Caused by insulin deficiency and insulin resistance
Many tissues are resistant to insulin:
Reduced number of insulin receptors
Insulin receptors less responsive
type 1:Lack of insulin production or production of defective insulin.
Major Long-Term Complications both types
Macrovascular (atherosclerotic plaque)
Coronary arteries
Cerebral arteries
Peripheral vessels
Major Long-Term Complications both types
Microvascular (capillary damage)
Retinopathy
Neuropathy
Nephropathy
Glycemic Goal of Treatment
HbA1C of less than 7%
Fasting blood glucose goal for diabetic patients of 70 to 130 mg/dL
Hypoglycemia
Abnormally low blood glucose level (below 50 mg/dL)
Mild cases can be treated with diet—higher intake of protein and lower intake of carbohydrates—to prevent rebound postprandial hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia signs and symptoms
Early:Confusion, irritability, tremor, sweating
Late:Hypothermia, seizures
Coma and death will occur if not treated
Hypoglycemia treatment
Oral forms of concentrated glucose
Buccal tablets, semisolid gel
50% dextrose in water (D50W)
Glucagon
hypergylcemia
an excess of glucose in the bloodstream, often associated with diabetes mellitus.
hypergylcemia signs and symptoms
Polyuria (frequently urinating),Polydipsia (frequently thirsty),Blurred vision,Fatigue,Weight loss
Poor wound healing (cuts, scrapes, etc.),Dry mouth
Dry or itchy skin,Impotence (male)
Recurrent infections such as vaginal yeast infections, groin rash, or external ear infections (swimmers ear)
hypergylcemia treatment
Raise the insulin dose
Recommend dietary changes
Recommend more exercise
Recommend closer glucose monitoring
What is effect of glucocorticoids on blood sugar
Medications known as glucocorticoids, such as prednisone and cortisone, are mainly used as anti-inflammatories or as anti-rejection drugs. … One of their side effects is to increase blood glucose (sugar) since these drugs promote glucose production in the liver and reduce the sensitivity of the cells to insulin
