Antidiabetics Flashcards
Diabetes Definition
Chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism characterized by either type I or type II
Type I Diabetes
an absolute deficiency of insulin; beta cells of pancreas unable to produce insulin; thought to be an autoimmune disorder. Type 1 diabetics must take insulin injections
Type II Diabetes
a relative insulin deficiency; body is resistant to the insulin that is produced; even though pancreatic beta cells make insulin. Type 2 diabetics begin therapy usually with oral drugs
Diabetic nephropathy
kidney failure
Why are half of people on dialysis
because of diabetes
Diabetic neuropathy
patients loose sensations and feelings
Diabetic retinopathy
visual changes, tiny capillaries are disrupted/fragile, sees black spots, can develop blindness
high glucose levels makes wounds
harder to heal because of infections
The seven-year incidence rates of myocardial infarction in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction at base line were
18.8 percent and 3.5 percent, respectively
The seven-year incidence rates of myocardial infarction in diabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction at base line were
45.0 percent and 20.2 percent, respectively
Many diabetics have what surgery
coronary bypass surgery
alpha cells produce
glucagon - causes the release glucose from cell storage, sites where blood glucose levels are low
beta cells produce
insulin which allows body to use and store carbs, fats, and protein
insulin allows
glucose to the blood to move into the cells
Liver
first major organ reached by insulin-promotes storage and production of glycogen (GLYCOGENESIS)
Glycogensis
increases glucose uptake & storage; stimulates gluconeogenesis; inhibits glycogen and tissue breakdown
insulin =
energy
gluconeogensis
making glucose form some source (where can get storage from energy)
Insulins promotes
protein and lipid synthesis and promotes triglyceride storage in fat cells
glucose is the
Main fuel for CNS: Brain cannot produce or store much glucose; MUST have continuous supply from circulation
Circulating fuels of glucose and free fatty acids are stored
in liver & muscle as glycogen and as triglycerides in fat cells
Fat-
9 calories of stored energy per gram
Protein and carbohydrates-
4 calories per gram
High blood glucose levels-
hyperglycemia
Polyuria
increased urine output; as glucose leaves it pulls out water
Polydipsia
increased thirst
Polyphagia
increased hunger
symptoms of type II
polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss
Can be type II if casual blood glucose is
> 200mg/dL
even if a person just ate blood glucose should not be above
200
Can be type II if fasting blood glucose is
> 126 mg/dL (fasting:no caloric intake for at least 8 hours)
Can be type II if 2 hour blood glucose is
> 200mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test. Glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 grams glucose dissolved in H2O
Insulin and counterregulatory hormones keep blood glucose levels in range of:
68- 105 mg/dL
short term complications are less if keep a tight
glycemic control with glucose level of 105-125 to prevent swinging
increase in blood glucose
stimulates pancreas to secrete insulin, increase in circulatory insulin, uptake of glucose by cells (metabolic energy, fat synthesis, glycogen synthesis), decreases blood glucose
decrease in blood glucose
stimulates pancreas to secrete glucagon, increases circulating glucagon, breakdown of glycogen in liver, release of glucose to blood
