Antidiabetics Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes Definition

A

Chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism characterized by either type I or type II

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2
Q

Type I Diabetes

A

an absolute deficiency of insulin; beta cells of pancreas unable to produce insulin; thought to be an autoimmune disorder. Type 1 diabetics must take insulin injections

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3
Q

Type II Diabetes

A

a relative insulin deficiency; body is resistant to the insulin that is produced; even though pancreatic beta cells make insulin. Type 2 diabetics begin therapy usually with oral drugs

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4
Q

Diabetic nephropathy

A

kidney failure

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5
Q

Why are half of people on dialysis

A

because of diabetes

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6
Q

Diabetic neuropathy

A

patients loose sensations and feelings

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7
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

visual changes, tiny capillaries are disrupted/fragile, sees black spots, can develop blindness

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8
Q

high glucose levels makes wounds

A

harder to heal because of infections

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9
Q

The seven-year incidence rates of myocardial infarction in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction at base line were

A

18.8 percent and 3.5 percent, respectively

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10
Q

The seven-year incidence rates of myocardial infarction in diabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction at base line were

A

45.0 percent and 20.2 percent, respectively

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11
Q

Many diabetics have what surgery

A

coronary bypass surgery

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12
Q

alpha cells produce

A

glucagon - causes the release glucose from cell storage, sites where blood glucose levels are low

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13
Q

beta cells produce

A

insulin which allows body to use and store carbs, fats, and protein

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14
Q

insulin allows

A

glucose to the blood to move into the cells

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15
Q

Liver

A

first major organ reached by insulin-promotes storage and production of glycogen (GLYCOGENESIS)

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16
Q

Glycogensis

A

increases glucose uptake & storage; stimulates gluconeogenesis; inhibits glycogen and tissue breakdown

17
Q

insulin =

A

energy

18
Q

gluconeogensis

A

making glucose form some source (where can get storage from energy)

19
Q

Insulins promotes

A

protein and lipid synthesis and promotes triglyceride storage in fat cells

20
Q

glucose is the

A

Main fuel for CNS: Brain cannot produce or store much glucose; MUST have continuous supply from circulation

21
Q

Circulating fuels of glucose and free fatty acids are stored

A

in liver & muscle as glycogen and as triglycerides in fat cells

22
Q

Fat-

A

9 calories of stored energy per gram

23
Q

Protein and carbohydrates-

A

4 calories per gram

24
Q

High blood glucose levels-

A

hyperglycemia

25
Q

Polyuria

A

increased urine output; as glucose leaves it pulls out water

26
Q

Polydipsia

A

increased thirst

27
Q

Polyphagia

A

increased hunger

28
Q

symptoms of type II

A

polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss

29
Q

Can be type II if casual blood glucose is

A

> 200mg/dL

30
Q

even if a person just ate blood glucose should not be above

A

200

31
Q

Can be type II if fasting blood glucose is

A

> 126 mg/dL (fasting:no caloric intake for at least 8 hours)

32
Q

Can be type II if 2 hour blood glucose is

A

> 200mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test. Glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 grams glucose dissolved in H2O

33
Q

Insulin and counterregulatory hormones keep blood glucose levels in range of:

A

68- 105 mg/dL

34
Q

short term complications are less if keep a tight

A

glycemic control with glucose level of 105-125 to prevent swinging

35
Q

increase in blood glucose

A

stimulates pancreas to secrete insulin, increase in circulatory insulin, uptake of glucose by cells (metabolic energy, fat synthesis, glycogen synthesis), decreases blood glucose

36
Q

decrease in blood glucose

A

stimulates pancreas to secrete glucagon, increases circulating glucagon, breakdown of glycogen in liver, release of glucose to blood