Antidiabetics

Question 1

Diabetes Definition

Answer 1

Chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism characterized by either type I or type II

Question 2

Type I Diabetes

Answer 2

an absolute deficiency of insulin; beta cells of pancreas unable to produce insulin; thought to be an autoimmune disorder. Type 1 diabetics must take insulin injections

Question 3

Type II Diabetes

Answer 3

a relative insulin deficiency; body is resistant to the insulin that is produced; even though pancreatic beta cells make insulin. Type 2 diabetics begin therapy usually with oral drugs

Question 4

Diabetic nephropathy

Answer 4

kidney failure

Question 5

Why are half of people on dialysis

Answer 5

because of diabetes

Question 6

Diabetic neuropathy

Answer 6

patients loose sensations and feelings

Question 7

Diabetic retinopathy

Answer 7

visual changes, tiny capillaries are disrupted/fragile, sees black spots, can develop blindness

Question 8

high glucose levels makes wounds

Answer 8

harder to heal because of infections

Question 9

The seven-year incidence rates of myocardial infarction in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction at base line were

Answer 9

18.8 percent and 3.5 percent, respectively

Question 10

The seven-year incidence rates of myocardial infarction in diabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction at base line were

Answer 10

45.0 percent and 20.2 percent, respectively

Question 11

Many diabetics have what surgery

Answer 11

coronary bypass surgery

Question 12

alpha cells produce

Answer 12

glucagon - causes the release glucose from cell storage, sites where blood glucose levels are low

Question 13

beta cells produce

Answer 13

insulin which allows body to use and store carbs, fats, and protein

Question 14

insulin allows

Answer 14

glucose to the blood to move into the cells

Question 15

Liver

Answer 15

first major organ reached by insulin-promotes storage and production of glycogen (GLYCOGENESIS)

Question 16

Glycogensis

Answer 16

increases glucose uptake & storage; stimulates gluconeogenesis; inhibits glycogen and tissue breakdown

Question 17

insulin =

Answer 17

energy

Question 18

gluconeogensis

Answer 18

making glucose form some source (where can get storage from energy)

Question 19

Insulins promotes

Answer 19

protein and lipid synthesis and promotes triglyceride storage in fat cells

Question 20

glucose is the

Answer 20

Main fuel for CNS: Brain cannot produce or store much glucose; MUST have continuous supply from circulation

Question 21

Circulating fuels of glucose and free fatty acids are stored

Answer 21

in liver & muscle as glycogen and as triglycerides in fat cells

Question 22

Fat-

Answer 22

9 calories of stored energy per gram

Question 23

Protein and carbohydrates-

Answer 23

4 calories per gram

Question 24

High blood glucose levels-

Answer 24

hyperglycemia

Question 25

Polyuria

Answer 25

increased urine output; as glucose leaves it pulls out water

Question 26

Polydipsia

Answer 26

increased thirst

Question 27

Polyphagia

Answer 27

increased hunger

Question 28

symptoms of type II

Answer 28

polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss

Question 29

Can be type II if casual blood glucose is

Answer 29

>200mg/dL

Question 30

even if a person just ate blood glucose should not be above

Answer 30

200

Question 31

Can be type II if fasting blood glucose is

Answer 31

>126 mg/dL (fasting:no caloric intake for at least 8 hours)

Question 32

Can be type II if 2 hour blood glucose is

Answer 32

> 200mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test. Glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 grams glucose dissolved in H2O

Question 33

Insulin and counterregulatory hormones keep blood glucose levels in range of:

Answer 33

68- 105 mg/dL

Question 34

short term complications are less if keep a tight

Answer 34

glycemic control with glucose level of 105-125 to prevent swinging

Question 35

increase in blood glucose

Answer 35

stimulates pancreas to secrete insulin, increase in circulatory insulin, uptake of glucose by cells (metabolic energy, fat synthesis, glycogen synthesis), decreases blood glucose

Question 36

decrease in blood glucose

Answer 36

stimulates pancreas to secrete glucagon, increases circulating glucagon, breakdown of glycogen in liver, release of glucose to blood