ANTIBODY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Question 1

surface markers that remain
on the cell surface throughout the subsequent developmental stages

Answer 1

CD19, CD24 and
CD45R

Question 2

found in the serum portion of the
blood

Answer 2

GLYCOPROTEIN

Question 3

What is the composition of immunoglobulin?

Answer 3

82-96 % - protein
2-14% - carbohydrates

Question 4

a screening tool in CC used to detect clinical conditions or different diseases

Answer 4

serum electrophoresis

Question 5

In what region you can see immunoglobulin/antibodies - serum electrophoresis

Answer 5

Gamma region

Question 6

What is the material we can use in serum electrophoresis

Answer 6

• cellulose acetate

Question 7

What is the recommended pH if we use cellulose acetate in alkaline?

Answer 7

8.6

Question 8

What is the recommended pH if we use cellulose acetate in acidic?

Answer 8

6-6.3

Question 9

Immunoglobulins play an essential role during _______ and in biological activities
related to immune response such as
_________

Answer 9

• “Antigen
  recognition”
• “opsonization” and “complement
  activation”

Question 10

which pathway is connected in antibody dependent

Answer 10

classical pathway

Question 11

which pathway is connected in antibody independent

Answer 11

• alternative pathway
• lectin

Question 12

What is GAMED

Answer 12

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

Question 13

The most abundant protein within the serum electrophoresis

Answer 13

Albumin

Question 14

Slowest protein from serum electrophoresis

Answer 14

Beta globulin

Question 15

What are the proteins under Alpha 1 globulin

Answer 15

alpha-1 antitrypsin and alpha
ketoproteins

Question 16

What are the proteins under Alpha 2 globulin

Answer 16

ceruloplasmin,
haptoglobin, and alpha-2 macroglobulin.

Question 17

What are the proteins under Beta globulin

Answer 17

transferrin, hemopexin,
complement system, fibrinogen and
lipoproteins.

Question 18

What are the lipoproteins that we
have?

Answer 18

HDL (high density
lipoproteins), LDL (low density
lipoproteins), and VLDL (very lowdensity lipoproteins).

Question 19

abnormal pattern in beta globulin

Answer 19

Beta gamma bridging

Question 20

Beta gamma bridging is
associated with_____

Answer 20

liver cirrhosis.

Question 21

spike pattern or toll-like spike in
the gamma regions

Answer 21

multiple myeloma

Question 22

What is the protein in urine found in patients having multiple myeloma

Answer 22

bence jones proteins

Question 23

bence jone proteins precipitate at ____ and they will dissolve in ____.

Answer 23

• 60 C
• 80 C

Question 24

What are the 4 polypeptide chain in TETRAPEPTIDE STRUCTURE

Answer 24

two large chains
called heavy or H chains and two smaller chains called light or L chains

Question 25

These chains are held together by noncovalent forces and ______

Answer 25

DISULFIDE BOND

Question 26

Who described the Structure of Immunoglobulins

Answer 26

Gerald Edelman and Rodney Porter

Question 27

DISULFIDE BOND also known as

Answer 27

DISULFIDE INTERCHANGE BRIDGES

Question 28

What does "S" mean in 7S

Answer 28

Svedberg unit

Question 29

Edelman used _____ urea to unfold the molecule

Answer 29

7M or 7 molar

Question 30

What is the reducing agent used to cleaved the exposed sulfhydryl bonds

Answer 30

2-mercapthoethanol or mercapthoethanol

Question 31

What are the two separate fractions obtained in ultracentrifugation?

Answer 31

- 3.5 Svedberg unit - 2.2 S

Question 32

What is the molecular weight of 3.5 S?

Answer 32

50,000 daltons

Question 33

What is the molecular weight of 2.2 S?

Answer 33

22,000 daltons

Question 34

Gerald Edelman and Rodney porter won what award?

Answer 34

Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine in 1972

Question 35

Papain digestion is associated with

Answer 35

Rodney Porter

Question 36

used pepsin to obtain additional evidence for the structure of immunoglobulins

Answer 36

Alfred Nisonoff

Question 37

have the ability in antigen-binding capacity

Answer 37

Fab fragment

Question 38

FAB fragment of papain digestion

Answer 38

composed of one light chain and 1/2 of heavy chain

Question 39

FC fragment of papain digestion

Answer 39

two halves of heavy chain

Question 40

Papain digestion composed of 3 fragments

Answer 40

- 2 FAB - 1 FC

Question 41

Pepsin composed of 2 fragments

Answer 41

- 1 FAB - 1 FC

Question 42

FAB fragment of pepsin digestion

Answer 42

two light chains and two heavy chains

Question 43

Variable region

Answer 43

FAB region

Question 44

Constant region

Answer 44

FC region carboxyl terminal

Question 45

IgG, IgA and IgD light chain

Answer 45

2 domain

Question 46

IgG, IgA and IgD heavy chain

Answer 46

4 domain

Question 47

IgE and IgM light chain

Answer 47

2 domain

Question 48

IgE and IgM heavy chain

Answer 48

5 domain

Question 49

not fully discovered until the discovery of an abnormal protein produce by patients with multiple myeloma

Answer 49

nature of light chain

Question 50

two main types of Light chains

Answer 50

kappa and lambda

Question 51

The first approximately 110 amino acids at the amino-terminal end constitute the variable domain.

Answer 51

heavy chain

Question 52

Constant regions of the H chain are unique to each class and give each immunoglobulin type its name o IgG has a/an o IgM has a/an o IgE has a/an o IgD has a/an o IgA has a/an

Answer 52

- GAMMA CHAIN (ɣ) - MU CHAIN (µ) - EPSILON CHAIN (ɛ) - DELTA CHAIN (ẟ) - ALPHA CHAIN (α)

Question 53

unique amino acid sequence that is common to all types of immunoglobulin molecules, in a given class and in a given species.

Answer 53

Isotype

Question 54

minor variation when it comes to amino acid sequencing

Answer 54

Allotype

Question 55

variations when it comes to the variable regions.

Answer 55

Idiotype

Question 56

Hinge region is compose of an amino acid _____.

Answer 56

PROLINE

Question 57

The segment of H chain located between the CH1 and CH2 regions is known as the hinge region.

Answer 57

Hinge region

Question 58

Immunoglobulin that has hinge region

Answer 58

IgG, IgD and IgA

Question 59

Ig that has no hinge region

Answer 59

IgE and IgM

Question 60

has 2 antigen binding sites

Answer 60

monomer

Question 61

has 4 antigen binding sites

Answer 61

dimer

Question 62

more than four antigen binding sites

Answer 62

polymer or tetramer

Question 63

Example of polymer

Answer 63

IgM

Question 64

Example of monomer

Answer 64

IgG, IgD, IgE, serum IgA and IgM

Question 65

Example of dimer

Answer 65

IgA, secretory IgA

Question 66

most predominant immunoglobulin in humans

Answer 66

IgG

Question 67

4 major subclasses of immunoglobulin

Answer 67

IgG1, 67%; IgG2, 22 %; IgG3, 7 %; and IgG4, 4 %

Question 68

The most efficient or most effective immunoglobulin in activating complement fixation

Answer 68

IgM

Question 69

All subclasses of IgG can cross the placenta except

Answer 69

IgG4

Question 70

Most efficient subclasses that can cross placenta

Answer 70

IgG1

Question 71

has the largest hinge region

Answer 71

IgG3

Question 72

IgM is known as a

Answer 72

macroglobulin

Question 73

The half-life of IgM is about

Answer 73

10 days

Question 74

Half-life of IgM in serum is

Answer 74

6 days

Question 75

The five monomeric units are held together by a

Answer 75

“J chain” or “joining chain”

Question 76

serves as a linkage point for the disulfide bonds between two adjacent monomers

Answer 76

– IgM and IgA (Secretory IgA)

Question 77

Found also on the cell surface of B-cells.

Answer 77

IgM

Question 78

Considered as the most primitive immunoglobulins

Answer 78

IgM

Question 79

we have a longer lag phase which means it has no antibody production

Answer 79

primary response

Question 80

when specific host is exposed again to the same antigen which has shorter lag period

Answer 80

secondary response

Question 81

Synthesized within the plasma cells and is found mainly in the Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) and is released in dimeric form

Answer 81

IgA

Question 82

Most of the IgD present is found on the surface of immunocompetent but unstimulated B lymphocytes

Answer 82

IgD

Question 83

secondary to IgM

Answer 83

IgD

Question 84

which has a molecular weight of about 70,000, is later attached to the FC region around the hinge portion of the alpha chains

Answer 84

secretory component

Question 85

The least abundant immunoglobulin in the serum, accounting for only 0.0005 percent of total serum immunoglobulins

Answer 85

IgE

Question 86

Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 86

IgE

Question 87

Type2 hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 87

IgG or IgM (cytotoxic sensitivity)

Question 88

Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 88

Immune complexes

Question 89

Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 89

T-cells, delayed type

Question 90

Attempts to explain the specificity of antibodies for a particular antigen began long before the actual structure of immunoglobulins was discovered

Answer 90

Antibody diversity

Question 91

certain cells had specific surface receptors for antigen that were present before contact with antigen occurred.

Answer 91

Ehrlich theory

Question 92

The key premise is that individual lymphocytes are genetically preprogrammed to produce one type of immunoglobulin and that a specific antigen finds or selects those particular cells capable of responding to it, causing them to proliferate.

Answer 92

Clonal selection theory

Question 93

postulated clonal selection theory

Answer 93

Niels Jerne and Macfarlane Burnet

Question 94

Second major theory of antibody diversity in 1930’s

Answer 94

template theory

Question 95

discovered a technique to produce antibody arising from a single B cell.

Answer 95

monoclonal antibody

Question 96

This specific antibody produced enters the circulation, while antigen remains behind to direct further synthesis

Answer 96

template theory

Question 97

Who postulated monoclonal theory

Answer 97

George Kohler and Cesar Milstein

Question 98

One pathway, which builds DNA from degradation of old nucleic acids, is blocked

Answer 98

Hybridoma production

Question 99

Myeloma cells lacks enzyme of

Answer 99

Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase

Question 100

Who postulated template theory

Answer 100

Felix Haurowitz