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Immunology > Antibodies and Vaccines > Flashcards

Antibodies and Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Antibody Structure

A

Hinge region: segment of heavy chain
- Can bend which lets 2 antigen binding sites to move independently
- Assists in effector functions, like complement cascade

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2
Q

Isotype Definition

A

Different antibody class
Heavy chain constant region variation

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3
Q

Allotype

A

Amino acid difference in cosntant region
IgG1 versus IgG2a

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4
Q

Idiotype

A

Variable region that determines antigen specificity

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5
Q

Fab Fragment

A

Antigen binding site, very variable because of different antigens

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6
Q

Fc Fragment

A

Stem of the Y
Almost identical between antibodies, other phagocytes recognize antibodies
Fce: on mast cells allergic response
Fcy: IgG

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7
Q

Class Switching

A

From cytokines of Th cells
Enzyme involved: cytidine deaminase (AID)
- Epitope recognition does not change no matter the class switch

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8
Q

Antibody Synthesis

Primary vs secondary

A

Primary
IgM primary antibody
- Lag: none detected
- Log: antibody titer increases
- Plateau: titer stabilizes
- Decline: catabolized

Secondary
Same 4 phases, but with memory
- Time: shorter lag, longer plateau, gradual decline
- Type of Ab: IgG
- Antibody titer: higher

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9
Q

How Do Antibodies Stick To Antigens?

A

Affinity: initial force of attaction between Fab site on Ab and single epitope on antigen
Avidity: sum of all attractive forces between Ab:Ag, higher with more sites like in IgM (10 sites)
- Valence proportional to avidity

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10
Q

Ag:Ab Interaction: Bond Types

A

Noncovalent: weak but can have multiple bonds so it can be better force

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11
Q

“Goodness of Fit”

A

Strongest bonds develop when Ag and Ab are close to each other, and the shapes are matching

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12
Q

What is a Vaccine?

Goal

A

Solution of weakened or kileld pathogens, or their components
Goal: produced artificially acquired active immunity

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13
Q

Immunization Definition

A

Process by which a person becomes protected from disease

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14
Q

Live Attenuated Vaccine

Advantages, disadvantages, examples

A

Advantages
- Close to natural infection
- Long immunity, little dose
- Easy to create

Disadvantages
- Microbe can maybe revert back to virulent form
- Not everyone can receive, immunocompromised
- Needs refrigeration

Classic type

Rotavirus, herpes, MMR

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15
Q

Inactivated Vaccine

Advantages, disadvantages

A

Advantages
- Stable, no fridge
- More safe, doesn’t mutate back
Disadvantages
- Weaker immune response
- More doses

Classic type

Flu

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16
Q

Subunit/Conjugate Vaccine

Pros, cons

A

Advantages
- Low adverse reaction
- Very stable
- No live components
Disadvantages
- Difficult to get antigen
- No guaruntee that memory will form

Classic type

HBV

17
Q

Conjugate Vaccine

Bacterial coat?

A

Bacterial polysaccharide coat: disguses antigen
- Polysaccharide binds to carrier protein, induces longer term response

Classic type

18
Q

Toxoid Vaccine

Pros, cons

A

Advantages
- Bacterial toxin, inactivated and safe
- Stable
Disadvantages
- Hard to get best antigen
- Several doses, needs adjuvant
- Not very immunogenic
- Adverse reaction

Classic type

Tetanus

19
Q

Novel Vaccine Types

A

DNA Vaccine
- Stronger response, uses microbes genetic material to code for antigen
- Easy, cheap

Recombinant Vector Vaccine
- Attenuated virus or bacterium vector, introduce the DNA to body
- Close to natural infection
- Strong immune response

20
Q

Combination Vaccines

A

More than one antigen in the same vaccine
- Can be cheaper
- MMR, DTwP

21
Q

Components of a Vaccine

5

A
  • Antigens
  • Stabilizers for storage
  • Adjuvants: stimulate Abs to make more effective, used in inactivated vaccines
  • Antibiotics: prevent bacterial contamination
  • Preservatives: prevent contaminant growth
21
Q

Characteristics of a Vaccine

Must do what? 3

A
  • Produce protective immunity with little side effects
  • Immunogenic enough to make strong response
  • Stable shelf life while still effective
22
Q

Factors Influencing Vaccination

2

A
  • Age: target youngest at risk of disease
  • Immune status
23
Q

Host Repsonse

A

Possible adverse reactions
- Inflammatory response
- Hypersensitivity

Over time vaccine immunity may wane
- Booster used

Immunology (14 decks)

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