Antibiotika resistens

Question 1

describe bactericidal

Answer 1

the bacteria dies

Question 2

describe bacteriostatic

Answer 2

bacteria stops growing/division

Question 3

what are the different antibiotic targets?

Answer 3

peptidoglycan, RNA (ribosomes), DNA

Question 4

describe what happens when the antibiotic targets the peptidoglycan

Answer 4

Penecillin binds to the penecillin binding protein, enables the cell to produce cross likning peptidoglycan

Question 5

describe what happens when the antibiotic targets the RNA polymerase

Answer 5

Antibiotics cause ribosomes to stop working or make mistakes

Question 6

describe what happens when the antibiotic targets the DNA

Answer 6

DNA is supercoiled, must be unwound to replicate
Flouroquinolones (antibiotics) block the enzymes gyros & topoisomerase (DNA can’t unwound, tangles up)
Works better in gram +

Question 7

name the target modifications for antibiotic resistance

Answer 7

Vancomycin - competitive inhibitor

Efflux pumps - pumps out the antibiotics from the cell

Inhibition of efflux pump —> can stop the efflux pump from pumping out antibiotics

Question 8

some bacteria are more resistant to some antibiotics, which ones?

Answer 8

Non-growing cells are more resistant

Cells in a biofilm can be more resistant (polysaccharides makes it harder to get through, resistance spread easier in a biofilm, different metabolic states, bacterias on the surface are harder to reach)

Question 9

which are the three types of horizontal gene transfers?

Answer 9

Transformation (naked DNA) - free DNA is taken up by some bacteria, recombined in the bacterial chromosome
Plasmids are autonomously replicating, can carry resistance

Conjugation (cell to cell) - common type of horizontal gene transfer, genes can spread to unrelated cells, bacterial mating

Transduction (bacteriophage) - virus infects the bacteria —> lytic cycle, releases its genome in a bacteria, transduction —> lysis