Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pharm/tox final > Antibiotics part 1 > Flashcards

Antibiotics part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs of natural or synthetic origin that have the capacity to kill or to inhibit the growth of microorganisms.

A

Antibiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

True or false: Antibacterial is synonymous with antibiotic.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

General term for natural or synthetic compounds which at certain concentrations inhibit growth of, or kill, microorganisms. Collective term.

A

Antimicrobial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Use of antimicrobials to prevent infection, like prior to surgery or dental procedures.

A

Prophylactic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Initiation of treatment prior to determination of a firm diagnosis. Ex: Initiation of antibiotics for a patient based on symptoms alone.

A

Empiric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Treatment directed at a specific pathogen or organism.

A

Definitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some examples of things that are virtually impenetrable barriers to antibiotics?

A

Biliary stones, fluid cysts, vegetations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Agents that inhibit bacterial replication without killing the organism. Most inhibit protein synthesis

A

Bacteriostatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Drugs which cause death and disruption of the bacterial cell, including drugs that primarily act on the cell wall, cell membrane, or bacterial DNA.

A

Bacteriocidal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lowest concentration of agent to inhibit growth. Used to determine whether the organism is considered susceptible to that particular antibiotic.

A

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

True or false: MIC may differ with different sites of infection.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

True or false: The goal is to pick the antibiotic with the lowest MIC.

A

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or false: The goal is to prescribe the antibiotic with the most narrow spectrum based on type of infection and organism present.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T > MIC

A

Time-dependent. Beta lactams, clindamycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cmax/MIC

A

Concentration dependent. Aminoglycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

AUC/MIC

A

Vancomycin, tetracyclines, azithromycin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms of antimicrobial action?

A
  1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis
  2. Inhibit metabolite synthesis
  3. Inhibit DNA replication
  4. Inhibit RNA synthesis
  5. Inhibit protein synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

CAPES

A

Citrobacter, acinetobacter, pseudomonas, enterobacter, serratia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

HNPEK

A

H. influenzae, Neisseria, Proteus, E.coli, Klebsiella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CAPES and HNPEK are what type of bacteria?

A

gram negative

21
Q

Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to one or more of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Bactericidal.

A

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

22
Q

GI upset or rash (short term), bone marrow suppression, interstitial nephritis (long term), seizures (high doses) are adverse reactions of what?

A

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

23
Q

What are the classes of beta lactam antibiotics?

A

Penicillin, Beta-Lactamase Combinations, Cephalosporins

24
Q

Narrow spectrum of action, bactericidal. Susceptible to beta-lactamase (penicillinase). Rapidly excreted. Minimal concentrations attained in CSF.

A

Penicillin (PCN)

25
Q

Bactericidal but resists action of beta-lactamase. Broad-spectrum.

A

Beta-Lactamase Combinations.

26
Q

True or false: Beta-Lactamase Combinations have better coverage of Pseudomonas than penicillin.

A

False

27
Q

Synthetic. Gain more gram-negative coverage and lose gram positive coverage as you increase the generation.

A

Cephalosporins

28
Q

True or false: Cephalosporins cover enterococcus.

A

False. (add ampicillin if suspected).

29
Q

Which generation of cephalosporins covers HNPEK and CAPES?

A

4th generation

30
Q

3rd generation cephalosporin

A

Ceftriaxone

31
Q

Which agent has a precaution with calcium containing IV fluids?

A

Ceftriaxone

32
Q

True or false: Ceftriaxone is distributed in the CSF.

A

True

33
Q

Which agent should be avoided in patients with gallbladder, biliary tract, liver, or pancreatic disease?

A

Ceftriaxone

34
Q

5th generation cephalosporin that covers MRSA.

A

Ceftaroline.

35
Q

Reaction in <1 hour. IgE mediated hypersensitivity. Anaphylaxis, skin test can be performed to evaluate probability of reaction.

A

Type 1 Allergic Reaction

36
Q

What are the two common culprits of Type 1 allergic rxns?

A

Penicillin and Sulfonamide antibiotics

37
Q

True or false: A pt can be desensitized by administering small amounts of drug to stabilize IgE.

A

True

38
Q

True or false: A patient needs to be desensitized once daily for the drug they are receiving to prevent a reaction.

A

False: needs to be done EACH TIME they receive the drug.

39
Q

Reaction in >72 hours. Not IgE mediated, no role for skin testing. Maculopapular or morbilliform rash.

A

Late Hypersensitivity reactions (types II, III, and IV)

40
Q

IgG mediated hypersensitivity. Mismatched blood transfusion is an example.

A

Type II

41
Q

Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity. SLE is an example

A

Type III

42
Q

Cell-mediated hypersensitivity. Contact dermatitis, MS, Type 1 DM are examples.

A

Type IV

43
Q

What percentage of patients with a penicillin allergy have a cross-sensitivity to cephalosporins?

A

3-7%

44
Q

What percentage of patients with a cephalosporin allergy have a cross-sensitivity to penicillin?

A

25%

45
Q

RIsk (decreases/increases) with increasing generation.

A

Decreases

46
Q

Which agent contains a beta-lactam side chain and is used for last line therapy? All are IV products, and high doses lead to seizures.

A

Carbapenems

47
Q

What are conditions for using carbapenems?

A

Long term antibiotic use with continued fever or history of ESBL-producing organisms or suspicion.

48
Q

Which agent is used to treat gram-negative infections with patients with Type 1 hypersensitivity to beta-lactams?

A

Monobactam

49
Q

Which agent from CAPES and HNPEK do monobactams not cover?

A

Acinetobacter

pharm/tox final (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions