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S5 > Antibiotics & Its resistance > Flashcards

Antibiotics & Its resistance Flashcards

1
Q

Which antibiotic used for treatment of syphilis

A

Arsphenamines

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2
Q

Thx of malaria

A

Quinine

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3
Q

Amebiasis Tx

A

Emetine

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4
Q

Beta-lactam antibiotics:

A

penicillins and cephalosorins.

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5
Q

Tetracyclins

A

oxytetracycline, and doxycycline.

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6
Q

ansamycin

A

refadin

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7
Q

Aminoglycosides antibiotics

A

streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin

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8
Q

Macrolides

A

erythromycin

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9
Q

lipopeptide antibiotics:

A

bacitracin, polymyxin.

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10
Q

Quinolones

A

ciprofloxacin

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11
Q

Glycopeptides

A

vancomycin

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12
Q

Folate pathway inhibitors:

A

trimethoprim, sulphanomides

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13
Q

Phenicols

A

chloramphenicol

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14
Q

Lincsamides

A

clindamycin

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15
Q

Fosfomycins

A

fosfomycin

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16
Q

Nitrofurans

A

nitrofurantoin

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17
Q

Bactericidal?

A

benzyl penicillin, ampicillin, gentamicin)

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18
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

tetracycline, chloramphenicol)

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19
Q

broad spectrum

A

tetracyclines are active against many G negative rods, chlamidiae, mycoplasmas, and rickettsiae.

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20
Q

narrow spectrum

A

vancomycin is used against certain Gram-positive cocci, namely staphylococci and enterococci.

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21
Q

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

A 
Penicillins 
Cephalosporins 
Vancomycin
Carbapenems 
Monobactams
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22
Q

Metabolic pathways inhibitors

A

Trimethoprim

Sulfonamides

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23
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitors

A 
Aminoglycosides 
Tetracyclines
Macrolides 
Chloramphenicol 
Clindamycin
Quinupristin-dalfopristin
Oxazolidinones
24
Q

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

A

Quinolones

Rifampin

25
Q

Penicillins

A

Penicillin: mainly active against streptococci

  • Amoxicillin: Also some activity against Gram-negatives
  • Flucloxacillin: Active against staphylococci and streptococci
  • Β-lactamase inhibitor combinations: Co-amoxiclav (all of above +anaerobes + ↑Gr. negative

– Piperacillin/tazobactam (as above + ↑↑ Gr. neg including pseudomonas)

26
Q

Cephalosporins

A

Five Generations’

  • ↑broad-spectrum but no anaerobe activity
  • Ceftriaxone has good activity in the CSF
27
Q

Carbapenems

A

Carbapenems: Meropenem (& imipenem)

– Very broad spectrum (incl anaerobes)

– Active against most (not all) Gram negs

– Generally safe in penicillin allergy.

28
Q

Glycopeptides

A

Vancomycin

– Active against most Gram pos (not G negs)

– Some enterococci resistant (VRE)

– Resistance in staphs rare

– Not absorbed (oral for C. difficile only)

29
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Tetracycline & doxycycline

– Similar spectrum, both oral only

– Broad-spectrum but specific use in penicillin allergy, usually for Gram pos

– Active in atypical pathogens in pneumonia

– Active against chlamydia & some protozoa

– Shouldn’t be given to children <12 years

30
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Most common agent is gentamicin

  • Profound activity against Gram negs
  • Good activity in the blood/urine
  • Potentially nephrotoxic/ototoxic
  • Generally reserved for severe Gram neg sepsis
31
Q

Macrolides

A

erythromycin (& clarithromycin)

  • Well distributed including intracelleluar penetration
  • Alternative to penicillin for mild Gram pos infections
  • Also active against atypical respiratory pathogens
32
Q

Quinolones

A

Commonest example ciprofloxacin

  • Inhibit DNA gyrase
  • Very active against Gram negs
  • Also active against atypical pathogens
33
Q

Trimethoprim & sulphonamides

A

Inhibitors of folic acid synthesis

  • Trimethoprim used alone in the UK for UTI
  • When combined with sulphamethoxazole

– Co-trimoxazole

– Has activity against MRSA

34
Q

Bactericidal?

A

benzyl penicillin, ampicillin, gentamicin)

35
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

tetracycline, chloramphenicol)

36
Q

broad spectrum

A

tetracyclines are active against many G negative rods, chlamidiae, mycoplasmas, and rickettsiae.

37
Q

narrow spectrum

A

vancomycin is used against certain Gram-positive cocci, namely staphylococci and enterococci.

38
Q

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

A 
Penicillins 
Cephalosporins 
Vancomycin
Carbapenems 
Monobactams
39
Q

Metabolic pathways inhibitors

A

Trimethoprim

Sulfonamides

40
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitors

A 
Aminoglycosides 
Tetracyclines
Macrolides 
Chloramphenicol 
Clindamycin
Quinupristin-dalfopristin
Oxazolidinones
41
Q

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

A

Quinolones

Rifampin

42
Q

Metronidazole

A

Active against anaerobic bacteria

• Also active against protozoa:

– Amoebae (dysentery & systemic)

– Giardia (diarrhoea)

– Trichomonas (vaginitis)

43
Q

Amoxicillin

Active against what MO

A

Gram positive

And also some activity against gram negative

44
Q

Flucloxacillin

A

Active against staphylococci and streptococci

45
Q

Β-lactamase inhibitor combinations

A

Co-amoxiclav (all of above +anaerobes + ↑Gr. negative

46
Q

Piperacillin/tazobactam

A

as above + ↑↑ Gr. neg including pseudomonas)

47
Q

Ceftriaxone

A

Cephalosporins
3rd generation
Cross blood brain barrier so it is used for Tx of meningitis

48
Q

Does cephalosporins has any activity against anerobes

A

No

49
Q

What are the types of antifungals

A

Azoles (active against yeasts +/- molds

Polyenes (nystatin and amphotericin)

50
Q

Mechanism of action of Azoles

Give examples

A

Inhibit cell-membrane synthesis

Fluconazole used to treat Candida

51
Q

Polyenes mechanism of action

A

Inhibit cell membrane function

Nystatin for topical treatment of candida

– Amphotericin for IV treatment of systemic fungal infections (e.g. aspergillus)

52
Q

What are the drug that used to treat systemic fungal infection

A

Amphotericin for IV treatment of systemic fungal infections (e.g. aspergillus)

53
Q

Antivirals

A

Aciclovir

Oseltamivir (‘Tamiflu’)

54
Q

Mechanism of action of aciclover

A

When phosphorylated inhibits viral DNA polymerase

– Herpes simplex – genital herpes, encephalitis

Varicella zoster – chicken pox & shingles

55
Q

Mechanism of action of oseltamivir Tamiflu

A

Inhibits viral neuraminidase

– Influenza A & B

S5 (7 decks)

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