Antibiotics & Its resistance Flashcards
1
Q
Which antibiotic used for treatment of syphilis
A
Arsphenamines
2
Q
Thx of malaria
A
Quinine
3
Q
Amebiasis Tx
A
Emetine
4
Q
Beta-lactam antibiotics:
A
penicillins and cephalosorins.
5
Q
Tetracyclins
A
oxytetracycline, and doxycycline.
6
Q
ansamycin
A
refadin
7
Q
Aminoglycosides antibiotics
A
streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin
8
Q
Macrolides
A
erythromycin
9
Q
lipopeptide antibiotics:
A
bacitracin, polymyxin.
10
Q
Quinolones
A
ciprofloxacin
11
Q
Glycopeptides
A
vancomycin
12
Q
Folate pathway inhibitors:
A
trimethoprim, sulphanomides
13
Q
Phenicols
A
chloramphenicol
14
Q
Lincsamides
A
clindamycin
15
Q
Fosfomycins
A
fosfomycin
16
Q
Nitrofurans
A
nitrofurantoin
17
Q
Bactericidal?
A
benzyl penicillin, ampicillin, gentamicin)
18
Q
Bacteriostatic
A
tetracycline, chloramphenicol)
19
Q
broad spectrum
A
tetracyclines are active against many G negative rods, chlamidiae, mycoplasmas, and rickettsiae.
20
Q
narrow spectrum
A
vancomycin is used against certain Gram-positive cocci, namely staphylococci and enterococci.
21
Q
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
A
Penicillins Cephalosporins Vancomycin Carbapenems Monobactams
22
Q
Metabolic pathways inhibitors
A
Trimethoprim
Sulfonamides
23
Q
Protein synthesis inhibitors
A
Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Macrolides Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Quinupristin-dalfopristin Oxazolidinones
24
Q
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
A
Quinolones
Rifampin
25
Penicillins
Penicillin: mainly active against streptococci
* Amoxicillin: Also some activity against Gram-negatives
* Flucloxacillin: Active against staphylococci and streptococci
* Β-lactamase inhibitor combinations: Co-amoxiclav (all of above +anaerobes + ↑Gr. negative
– Piperacillin/tazobactam (as above + ↑↑ Gr. neg including pseudomonas)
26
Cephalosporins
Five Generations’
* ↑broad-spectrum but no anaerobe activity
* Ceftriaxone has good activity in the CSF
27
Carbapenems
Carbapenems: Meropenem (& imipenem)
– Very broad spectrum (incl anaerobes)
– Active against most (not all) Gram negs
– Generally safe in penicillin allergy.
28
Glycopeptides
Vancomycin
– Active against most Gram pos (not G negs)
– Some enterococci resistant (VRE)
– Resistance in staphs rare
– Not absorbed (oral for C. difficile only)
29
Tetracyclines
Tetracycline & doxycycline
– Similar spectrum, both oral only
– Broad-spectrum but specific use in penicillin allergy, usually for Gram pos
– Active in atypical pathogens in pneumonia
– Active against chlamydia & some protozoa
– Shouldn’t be given to children <12 years
30
Aminoglycosides
Most common agent is gentamicin
* Profound activity against Gram negs
* Good activity in the blood/urine
* Potentially nephrotoxic/ototoxic
* Generally reserved for severe Gram neg sepsis
31
Macrolides
erythromycin (& clarithromycin)
* Well distributed including intracelleluar penetration
* Alternative to penicillin for mild Gram pos infections
* Also active against atypical respiratory pathogens
32
Quinolones
Commonest example ciprofloxacin
* Inhibit DNA gyrase
* Very active against Gram negs
* Also active against atypical pathogens
33
Trimethoprim & sulphonamides
Inhibitors of folic acid synthesis
* Trimethoprim used alone in the UK for UTI
* When combined with sulphamethoxazole
– Co-trimoxazole
– Has activity against MRSA
34
Bactericidal?
benzyl penicillin, ampicillin, gentamicin)
35
Bacteriostatic
tetracycline, chloramphenicol)
36
broad spectrum
tetracyclines are active against many G negative rods, chlamidiae, mycoplasmas, and rickettsiae.
37
narrow spectrum
vancomycin is used against certain Gram-positive cocci, namely staphylococci and enterococci.
38
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
```
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Vancomycin
Carbapenems
Monobactams
```
39
Metabolic pathways inhibitors
Trimethoprim
| Sulfonamides
40
Protein synthesis inhibitors
```
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Quinupristin-dalfopristin
Oxazolidinones
```
41
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
Quinolones
| Rifampin
42
Metronidazole
Active against anaerobic bacteria
• Also active against protozoa:
– Amoebae (dysentery & systemic)
– Giardia (diarrhoea)
– Trichomonas (vaginitis)
43
Amoxicillin
| Active against what MO
Gram positive
| And also some activity against gram negative
44
Flucloxacillin
Active against staphylococci and streptococci
45
Β-lactamase inhibitor combinations
Co-amoxiclav (all of above +anaerobes + ↑Gr. negative
46
Piperacillin/tazobactam
as above + ↑↑ Gr. neg including pseudomonas)
47
Ceftriaxone
Cephalosporins
3rd generation
Cross blood brain barrier so it is used for Tx of meningitis
48
Does cephalosporins has any activity against anerobes
No
49
What are the types of antifungals
Azoles (active against yeasts +/- molds
Polyenes (nystatin and amphotericin)
50
Mechanism of action of Azoles
| Give examples
Inhibit cell-membrane synthesis
Fluconazole used to treat Candida
51
Polyenes mechanism of action
Inhibit cell membrane function
Nystatin for topical treatment of candida
– Amphotericin for IV treatment of systemic fungal infections (e.g. aspergillus)
52
What are the drug that used to treat systemic fungal infection
Amphotericin for IV treatment of systemic fungal infections (e.g. aspergillus)
53
Antivirals
Aciclovir
Oseltamivir (‘Tamiflu’)
54
Mechanism of action of aciclover
When phosphorylated inhibits viral DNA polymerase
– Herpes simplex – genital herpes, encephalitis
Varicella zoster – chicken pox & shingles
55
Mechanism of action of oseltamivir Tamiflu
Inhibits viral neuraminidase
– Influenza A & B
