Antibiotics

Question 1

Bactericidal antibiotics

Answer 1

KILL, need a growing microbe

Question 2

Bacteriostatic antibiotics

Answer 2

ONLY suppress the growth of microorganisms

Question 3

Selective toxicity

Answer 3

Antimicrobial drugs have selective toxicity that can injure/kill the target cell or organism without injuring host cells

Question 4

Resistome

Answer 4

Group of all existing antibiotic resistance genes in the world

Question 5

Acquired resistance

Answer 5

Microbe is resistant to an antibiotic due to the presence of a resistance gene that is not innately present in other related bacteria. MUY MALO

Question 6

Innate resistance

Answer 6

Any of the above types of resistance the noted in a non-pathogenic strain of bacteria

Question 7

Clinical resistance

Answer 7

Any of the above types of resistance when noted in a PATHOGENIC strain of bacteria

Question 8

Antibiotic MOA simplified

Answer 8

Any antibiotic given will create: selective pressure by killing sensitive organisms and by favoring the survival and expansion of resistant organisms

Question 9

Antibiotics in Food

Answer 9

• 80% of all antibiotics used in the states
• Used for growth promotion: administer antibiotics dairy to help overcome the effects of crowded and unsanitary living conditions
• puts weight on faster, brings more profit in

Question 10

Bacterial Persistence

Answer 10

• from dormant bacteria

- leftover cells that survived the antibiotics

Question 11

Super-sanitization

Answer 11

-antibiotic misuse and over reliance
-hand sanitizer rather than wash
-Chemical all surface sterilization
Spurs evolution of HIGHER virulence levels

Question 12

Extended sanitization

Answer 12

-Handwashinga nd basic antiseptics
-Sterile medical equipment
-Chemical treatment of wounds and severe contagious diseases
Keeps virulence levels CONSTANT

Question 13

Baseline sanitization

Answer 13

-Clean food/water
-Garbage removal
-Separating infected from susceptible
Encourages evolution of LOWER virulence levels

Question 14

Potency

Answer 14

Drug concentration required to exert an antimicrobial effect

Question 15

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

Answer 15

Measure of potency; amount of drug required to produce a given % of its maximal effect
-a drug can be very potent but poor efficacious. A drug can b effective at low doses but the response may not change even when the dose is increased

Question 16

Synergism (Potentiation)

Answer 16

When taken together, some antibiotics increase each other’s effectiveness to increase additive effects.

Question 17

Antagonism

Answer 17

interaction in which one chemical partially or completely inhibits or counteracts the effect of the other. They can cancel or diminish each other’s therapeutic effect

Question 18

How can we decrease antibiotic microbial resistance?

Answer 18

• Do not discontinue use prematurely
• Do not prescribe for viral infections
• Use a narrow spectrum 1st
• Use a older or first gen drug first
• Doses must be appropriately spaced to maintain therapeutic levels in patient

Question 19

Types of Combination Therapy

Answer 19

-Additive: add together in effectiveness (1+1=2)
-Potentiative/Synergistic: increasing together in effectiveness. 1+1=5
Antagonistic: Bacteriostatic agent and a bactericidal drug

Question 20

Penicillins (General Info)

Answer 20

Category: Drugs that weaken the bacterial cell wall
-have variable R side chain which influences acid stability, penicillinase resistance, and ability to bind specific penicillin-binding proteins. Penicillins will kill MOST

Question 21

Narrow-spectrum penicillins (penicillinase sensitive)

Answer 21

-Penicillin G (IV)
-Penicillin V (oral)
Kills: strep species, neisseria species, many anaerobes, spirochete

Question 22

Narrow-spectrum penicillins-penicillinase resistant (anti staphylococcal penicillins)

Answer 22

• Methicillin (not available)
• Nafcillin (IV)
• Oxacillin (IV, oral)
• Dicloxacillin (oral)

Question 23

Extended-spectrum penicillins (aminopenicillins)

Answer 23

• Ticarcillin (IV)

- Pipercillin (IV)

Question 24

MOA Penicillins

Answer 24

B-lactam ring: weakens cell wall by binding to bacterial penicillin binding proteins

• Inhibition of transpeptidases (enzymes that form bacterial cell wall)
• Activate autolysis which promote the active destruction of the cell wall

Question 25

Penicillin-resistant bacteria: have B lactamase enzyme

Answer 25

Beta-lactamase inhibitors combined with penicillinase-sensitive penicillins, antimicrobial spectrum is extended

Question 26

Drugs 4 penicillin-resistant bacteria

Answer 26

ampicillin+sulbactam=Unasyn
-amoxicillin + clavulanic acid = Augmenten
- Ticarcillin + clavulanic acid = Timentin
Piperacillin + tazobactam = Zosyn
Ceftazidime + avibactam = Avycaz

Question 27

Side Effects of Penicillins

Answer 27

• Allergic reaction most common

- GI disturbances- superinfection

Question 28

Penicillin Overdose

Answer 28

• Overdose symptoms: neuromuscular hypersensitivity, agitation, hallucinations, confusion, seizures
• monitor KIDNEY function (penicillins eliminated by the kidneys
• consider counter-ion

Question 29

Cephalosporins

Answer 29

• B-lactam antibiotics (similar structure to penicillins but have an R2 group)
  MOA: disrupt cell walll synthesis, lik epenicillins; activate autolysis