Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y3 Drugs > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Amoxicillin

A

Penicillins which are B-lactams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mechanism of Penicillins/ B-lactams

A

Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by preventing cross-linking between peptidoglycan chains. THis weakens cell wall causing cell death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Indications of Penicillins

A
  1. Pneumonia caused by gram-positive strep. pneumoniae or gram-negative Haemophilus influenzae
  2. UTI caued by E.coli
  3. HAI or sepsis
  4. H.pylori associated peptic ulcers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Contraindications of Penicillins

A

Penicillin allergy: Patients allergic to one peniciilin will be allergic to all.
Anaphylactic reaction presenting with hypotension, bronchospasm and angioedema
Renal impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Side effects of Penicillins

A

Nausea and diarrhoea

Clostridium difficile infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Interactions of Penicillin

A

Reduce excretion of Methotrexate increasing toxicity

Enhance anticoagulation effect of warfarin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Prescription of penicillin

A
  • Severe infection: Amoxicillin 1g 8hourly IV administration and switch to oral if there are improvements
  • Mild-to-moderate infection: oral amoxcillin 500mg 8 hourly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cefradine, Cefalexin, Ceftriaone

A

Cephalosporins which are B-lactams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mechanism of Cephalosphorins

A

Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by preventing cross-linking between peptidoglycan chains. THis weakens cell wall causing cell death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Indications of Cephalosporins and Carbapenems

A

(Broad Spectrum antibiotics)
UTI (oral cephalosproins 2nd and 3rd line treatment), septicaemia, pneumonia, meningitis, biliarty tract infection, peritonitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Contraindications of Cephalosporins and Carbapenems

A

Penicillin allergy
Seizures and epilepsy
Renal impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Side effects of Cephalosporins and Carbapenems

A

Nausea and diarrhoea
Antibiotic-associated colitis
Headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Antibiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Antifolate Antibiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mechanism of Trimethoprim

A

Inhibits bacterial folate synthesis. Bacteriostatic. Works against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Indications of Trimethoprim

A
  1. UTI (1st choice)

2 Co-trimoxazole to treat pneumocystis pneumonia in people with immunosuppression eg due to HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Contraindications of Trimethoprim

A

First trimester of pregnancy- risk of fetal abnormalities
Folate deficient patients
Renal impairments, neonates, the elderly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Side effects of Trimethoprim

A

Nausea, vomiting and sore throat
Skin rash
Can impair haematopoiesis causing haematological disorders
Hyperkalaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Interactions of Trimethoprim

A

Potassium-elevating drugs (e.g. aldosterone, ACEi, ARBS) will cause hyperkalaemia
Increases effect of Warfarin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Effect of Trimethoprim on Serum Creatine Concentrations

A

Inhibits creatinine secretion by renal tubules causing a rise thus is less effective for UTI patients with renal impairment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid)

A

Antibiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Indication for Nitrofurantoin

A

Uncomplicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Indication for Nitrofurantoin

A

Uncomplicated Lower UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mechanism of Nitrofurantoin

A

Nitrofurantoin is metabolised in bacterial cells by nitrofurantoin reducatase and its active metabolite damages bacterial DNA causing cell death.
Works against E.coli (gram negative) and Staph. Saprophyticus (gram positive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Contraindications of Nitrofurantoin
Don't give to Pregnant women or babies in the first 3 months of life Renal impairment
26
Side effects of Nitrofurantoin
``` Nausea and diarrhoea Hypersensitivity reactions Can turn urine dark yellow or brown Can cause chronic pulmonary reactions, hepatitis and peripheral neuropathy Heamolytic anaemia in neonates ```
27
Doxyclines, Lymecycline
Tetracyclines
28
Mechanism of Tetracyclines
Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosomal 30S subunit.
29
Indications of Tetracyclines
1. Acne vulgaris 2. Lower respiratory tract infections including infective COPD, pneumonia and atypical pneumonia 3. Chlamydia infection including pelvic inflammatory disease 4. Thypoid, anthrax, malaria and Lyme disease
30
Contraindication of Tetracyclines
Don't give to pregnant women, breast feeding or for children under 12yo as tetracylines bind to teeth and bones. Avoid in renal impaired patients as can raise urea
31
Interactions of Tetracyclines
Not to be given within 2 hours of calcium, antacids or iron as will prevent antibiotic absorption. Can enhance effect of warfarin
32
Prescribing Tetracyclines
``` Only oral administration Doxycyline 100-200mg orally daily Limecycline 408-816mg orally 12 hourly 5-7 days for infective COPD 8 weeks for acne ```
33
Gentamicin, Amikacin
Aminoglycosides
34
Mechanism of Aminoglycosides
Irreversibly bind to 30S bacterial ribosomes inhibiting protein synthesis. Action against gram-negative aerobic bacteria, staphylococci and mycobacteria
35
What bacteria do Aminoglycosides not work on and why
Streptoccoci and anaeroic bacteria as they don't have the oxygen-dependent transport system so are resistant.
36
Indications for Aminoglycosides
Severe infection especially caused by Gram-negative aerobes including Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1. Severe sepsis 2. Pyelonephritis and complicated UTI 3. Biliary or intra-abdominal sepsis 4. Endocarditis
37
What are Aminoglycosides given with when the organism is unknown
Penicillin and/or metronidazole
38
Contraindications of Aminoglycocides
Neonates, elderly and renally impaired as aminoglycosides accumulate in renal, cochlear and vestibular hair cells causing apoptosis Do not give to people with Myasthenia Gravis
39
Side effects of Aminoglycosides
Neprotoxicity: presents with reduced urine output and rising serum creatinine Ototoxicity: hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo
40
What drugs increase Ototoxicity with Aminoglycosides
Loop diuretics e.g. furosemide or vancomycin
41
What drugs decrease Neprotoxicity with Aminoglycoside
Ciclosporin, platinum chemotherapy, cephalosporins or vancomycin
42
Erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
Macrolides
43
Indication of Macrolides
1. Alternative to penicillin allergy 2. Severe pneumonia WITH penicillin 3. Helicobacter pylori with a PPI and either amoxicillin or metronidazole
44
Mechanism of Macrolides
Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 50s ribosomes. Bacteriostatic.
45
Contraindications of Macrolides
Macrolide hypersensitivity | Hepatic and renal impairment
46
Side effects of Macrolides
Irritant, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, thrombophlebitis, allergy, antibiotic-associated colitis, cholestatic jaundice, prolongation of QT interval, ototoxicity
47
Interactions of Macrolides
Erythromycin and Clarithromycin inhibit cytochrom P450 enzymes but not Azithromycin. Increases risk of effects with drugs metablised by P450 enzymes: warfarin, statins. Amiodarone. antipsychotics, quinine, quinolone antibiotics and SSSRIs
48
Bacteria causing Pneumonia that macrolides treat
Mycoplasma pneumoniae | Legionells Pneumophila
49
Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin
Quinolones
50
Indications of Quinolones
Normally 2nd or 3rd line treatment 1. UTI 2. Severe GI infections eg. Shigella, Campylobacter 3. LRTI (Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin) 4. Pseudomonas aeruginosa BY Ciprofloxacin
51
Mechanism of Quinolones
Inhibit DNA synthesis in bacteria. Active again Gram-negative. (For urinary and GI infections) Moxifloxacin and Levofloxacin are newer so active again Gram-positive as well. (For LRTI)
52
Contraindications of Quinolones
Seizures Those who are growing due to risk of arthropathy Risk factors for QT prolongation eg cardiac disease, electrolyte disturbance
53
Interactions of Quinolones
Nausea, diarrhoea Hypersensitivity reactions Lowering of the seizsure threshold and hallucinations Rupture of muscle tendons Prolong QT interval and increase risk of arrhythmias (Moxifloxacin) Promote Clostridium difficile colitis
54
Vancomycin
Aerobic and Anaerobic Antimicrobial
55
Indications of Vancomycin
1. Gram negative infection e.g. endocarditis, pneumonia, bone or joint infections, bacterial meningitis 2. Antibiotics-associated colitis caused by C.diff infection (usually 2nd line if Metronidazole in ineffective)
56
Mechanism of Vancomycin
Inhibits synthesis of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria by inhibiting cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains
57
Side effects of Vancomycin
Thrombophlebitis at infusion site Red Man Syndrome: erythema, hypotension and bronchospasm if infused rapidly True allergy ca occur Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity with blood disorders
58
Contraindications for Vancomycin
Renal impairment and the elderly so careful monitoring is needed
59
Metronidazole
Anaerobic antimicrobial
60
Indications for Metronidazole
Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria 1. Antibiotic - associated colitis caused by C.diff 2. Oral infections or aspiration pneumonia 3. Surgical and gynaecological infections 4. Protozoal infections including trichomonal vaginal infection, amoebic dysentery, giardiasis
61
Mechanism of Metronidazole
Enters bacterial cells and in anaerobic bacteria is reduced generating free radicals that prevent synthesis causing DNA degradation and cell death.
62
Contraindications for Metronidazole
Reduce dose in those with severe liver disease as metabolised by hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes Don't drink alcohol with Metronidazole as it inhibits enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase causing 'disulfram-like' reaction,, flushing, headache, nausea and vomiting
63
Side effects of Metronidazole
Nausea, vomiting Hypersensitivity Peripheral and optic neuropathy, seizures and encephalopathy
64
Interactions of Metronidazole
Inhibits cytochrome P450 enzymes, reducing metabolism of warfarin and phenytoin. Increases risk of toxicity with lithium
65
Glycopeptide Antibiotics
Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, Telavancin, Ramoplanin, Decaplanin and Bleomycin
66
Mechanism of Glycopeptide Antibiotics
Inhibit cell wall synthesis by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis.
67
Indications of Glycopeptide Antibiobiots
For patients who are critically ill, have hypersensitivity to the B-lactams or who are infected with B-lactam resistant species. Effective against gram-positive cocci.
68
Side effects of Glycopeptide: Vancomycin
Given IV and can cause tissue necrosis and phlebitis at injection site. Red Man syndrome Kidney failure, nephritis, blood disorders including neutropenia and deafness
69
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Beta lactams: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Monobactams, carbapenams Glycopeptides: Vancomycin and Teicoplanin
70
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Aminoglycosides (gentamycin) MLS (erythromycin, clarithromycin, clindamycin) Tetracylcines and oxazolindiones (linezolid)
71
DNA synthesis inhibitors
Trimethoprim and sulphonamides, quinolones (nalidixic acid) and fluroquinolones (ciprofloxacin)
72
RNA synthesis inhibitors
Rifampicin
73
Plasma membrane agents
Daptomycin, polymycins

Y3 Drugs (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions