Antibiotics Flashcards
What chemical structures is common among the cell wall synthesis inhibitors?
Beta-Lactams rings. square structure of three carbon and a nitrogen
How do Penicillin G and V attack bacteria?
Through inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
How do Aminopencillins attack bacteria?
Through inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
How do Carboxypenicillins attack bacteria?
Through inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
How do Penicillinase-resistant penillins attack bacteria?
Through inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
How do Penems attack bacteria?
Through inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
How do Monobactams attack bacteria?
Through inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
How do Cephalosporins attack bacteria?
Through inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
How does Vancomycin attack bacteria?
Through inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
How is Vancomycin different from other cell wall synthesis inhibitors?
It is not a Beta-Lactam, per se, but still inhibits cell wall biosynthesis.
How do Flouroquinolones attack bacteria?
They inhibit DNA synthesis by stopping DNA gyrase
floxin
How do Nitroimidazoles attack bacteria?
They inhibit DNA synthesis by Reducing then Destroying the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA.
(azole, or Flagyl)
How do Lincosamides attack bacteria?
They inhibit protein synthesis in the large Ribosomal subunit.
How do oxazolidinones attack bacteria?
They inhibit protein synthesis in the large Ribosomal subunit.
How do amphenicols attack bacteria?
They inhibit protein synthesis in the large Ribosomal subunit.
How do macrolides attack bacteria?
They inhibit protein synthesis in the large Ribosomal subunit.
How do Tetracyclines attack bacteria?
They inhibit protein synthesis in the small ribosomal subunit.
How do Aminoglycosides attack bacteria?
They inhibit protein synthesis in the small ribosomal subunit.
Which four groups of antibiotics inhibit the Large Ribosomal Subunit?
LOAM Lincosamides oxazolidinones amphenicols macrolides.
Which two groups of antibiotics inhibit the small ribosomal subunit?
TAG
Tetracyclines
and
Aminoglycosides
How do Sulfa drugs work (SMX)?
They inhibit folic acid biosynthesis.
How does Trimethoprim work (TMP)?
This effects the pathway of folic acid biosynthesis, but in a different step than Sulfa drugs.
TMP-SMX are often used together to treat what?
TREE, MOUTH, PEE
Respiratory tract, GI tract, and genitourinary tract.
What types of medicines are considered Beta-Lactams?
Penicillin G and V
Aminopencillins
Carboxypenicillins
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
Penems
Monobactams
Cephalosporins
What antibiotic is not a Beta-Lactam per se, but still inhibits cell wall synthesis?
Vancomycin
How many generations exist of the Cephalosporin antibiotics? And which type of bacteria does each kill?
Four: 1 attacks G+ bacteria 2 attacks G- Bacteria 3 attacks G- bacteria 4 attacks G+ bacteria
What are the spelling cues and examples of the four generations of Cephalosporins?
1–ph,f–Cephalothin, cephalexin, cefazolin
2–fam, fa, fur, fox, te–cefamandole, cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefoxitin, cefotetan
3–tri, taz, tax, tiz, ti–ceftriazone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftozomiem, ceftibuten
4–fep, pir–cefepime, cefpirome
What is the antibiotic of last resort?
Vancomycin
Who discovered Penicillin?
Alexnder Fleming in 1928.
What are the differences in Penicillin G and V?
Pen G is given IV or IM.
Pen V given orallly (po)
What are weaknesses of penicillin G and V
Beta-Lactamases
and
it has a narrow spectrum
What is Penicillin typically used for?
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus infections
How is Aminopenicillin different than penicillin G and V?
Aminopenicillin has a broader spectrum.
What is the weakness of aminopenicillin?
susceptible to beta-lactamase
What are strengths and weaknesses of Carboxypenicillins?
Spectrum includes G-.
Susceptibile to beta-lactamase
How can yo remember which penicillins are immune to beta-lactamase?
I MET a NAsty OX.
Methicillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Cloxacillin
What are the strengths of Penems?
Resistant to beta-lactamase
Broadest spectrum of any antibiotic (could also be a weakness)
However MRSA, mycoplasmas, and pseudomonads are resistant.
What are mombactams working against
G- bacteria.
ex. Aztreonam.
Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin are examples of which type of antibiotic?
Flouroquinolones–inhibits DNA gyrase
Flagyl (Metronidazole) is what type of antibiotic?
Nitromidazole–it reduces then destroys the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA.
What is used to treat meningitis emergencies?
Chloramphenicol. however, can cause aplastic anemia.
What did Selman Waksman and Albert Schatz discover in 1943?
Aminoglycoside, streptomycin, the first antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis.
What are some nasty side effects of aminoglycosides?
Vertigo, hearing loss, kidney damage
What antibiotic doesn’t work well with dairy products?
Tetracyclines,, because they chelate with the divalent cations (Ca2+ ions).
What antibiotic is often given to people with penicillin allergies?
Macrolides, such as rthromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin.
