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myBYU 2016 > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What chemical structures is common among the cell wall synthesis inhibitors?

A

Beta-Lactams rings. square structure of three carbon and a nitrogen

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2
Q

How do Penicillin G and V attack bacteria?

A

Through inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

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3
Q

How do Aminopencillins attack bacteria?

A

Through inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

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4
Q

How do Carboxypenicillins attack bacteria?

A

Through inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

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5
Q

How do Penicillinase-resistant penillins attack bacteria?

A

Through inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

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6
Q

How do Penems attack bacteria?

A

Through inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

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7
Q

How do Monobactams attack bacteria?

A

Through inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

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8
Q

How do Cephalosporins attack bacteria?

A

Through inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

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9
Q

How does Vancomycin attack bacteria?

A

Through inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

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10
Q

How is Vancomycin different from other cell wall synthesis inhibitors?

A

It is not a Beta-Lactam, per se, but still inhibits cell wall biosynthesis.

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11
Q

How do Flouroquinolones attack bacteria?

A

They inhibit DNA synthesis by stopping DNA gyrase

floxin

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12
Q

How do Nitroimidazoles attack bacteria?

A

They inhibit DNA synthesis by Reducing then Destroying the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA.
(azole, or Flagyl)

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13
Q

How do Lincosamides attack bacteria?

A

They inhibit protein synthesis in the large Ribosomal subunit.

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14
Q

How do oxazolidinones attack bacteria?

A

They inhibit protein synthesis in the large Ribosomal subunit.

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15
Q

How do amphenicols attack bacteria?

A

They inhibit protein synthesis in the large Ribosomal subunit.

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16
Q

How do macrolides attack bacteria?

A

They inhibit protein synthesis in the large Ribosomal subunit.

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17
Q

How do Tetracyclines attack bacteria?

A

They inhibit protein synthesis in the small ribosomal subunit.

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18
Q

How do Aminoglycosides attack bacteria?

A

They inhibit protein synthesis in the small ribosomal subunit.

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19
Q

Which four groups of antibiotics inhibit the Large Ribosomal Subunit?

A 
LOAM
Lincosamides
oxazolidinones
amphenicols
macrolides.
20
Q

Which two groups of antibiotics inhibit the small ribosomal subunit?

A

TAG
Tetracyclines
and
Aminoglycosides

21
Q

How do Sulfa drugs work (SMX)?

A

They inhibit folic acid biosynthesis.

22
Q

How does Trimethoprim work (TMP)?

A

This effects the pathway of folic acid biosynthesis, but in a different step than Sulfa drugs.

23
Q

TMP-SMX are often used together to treat what?

A

TREE, MOUTH, PEE

Respiratory tract, GI tract, and genitourinary tract.

24
Q

What types of medicines are considered Beta-Lactams?

A

Penicillin G and V
Aminopencillins
Carboxypenicillins
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

Penems
Monobactams
Cephalosporins

25
Q

What antibiotic is not a Beta-Lactam per se, but still inhibits cell wall synthesis?

A

Vancomycin

26
Q

How many generations exist of the Cephalosporin antibiotics? And which type of bacteria does each kill?

A 
Four:
1 attacks G+ bacteria
2 attacks G- Bacteria
3 attacks G- bacteria
4 attacks G+ bacteria
27
Q

What are the spelling cues and examples of the four generations of Cephalosporins?

A

1–ph,f–Cephalothin, cephalexin, cefazolin

2–fam, fa, fur, fox, te–cefamandole, cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefoxitin, cefotetan

3–tri, taz, tax, tiz, ti–ceftriazone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftozomiem, ceftibuten

4–fep, pir–cefepime, cefpirome

28
Q

What is the antibiotic of last resort?

A

Vancomycin

29
Q

Who discovered Penicillin?

A

Alexnder Fleming in 1928.

30
Q

What are the differences in Penicillin G and V?

A

Pen G is given IV or IM.

Pen V given orallly (po)

31
Q

What are weaknesses of penicillin G and V

A

Beta-Lactamases
and
it has a narrow spectrum

32
Q

What is Penicillin typically used for?

A

Staphylococcus and Streptococcus infections

33
Q

How is Aminopenicillin different than penicillin G and V?

A

Aminopenicillin has a broader spectrum.

34
Q

What is the weakness of aminopenicillin?

A

susceptible to beta-lactamase

35
Q

What are strengths and weaknesses of Carboxypenicillins?

A

Spectrum includes G-.

Susceptibile to beta-lactamase

36
Q

How can yo remember which penicillins are immune to beta-lactamase?

A

I MET a NAsty OX.

Methicillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Cloxacillin

37
Q

What are the strengths of Penems?

A

Resistant to beta-lactamase
Broadest spectrum of any antibiotic (could also be a weakness)

However MRSA, mycoplasmas, and pseudomonads are resistant.

38
Q

What are mombactams working against

A

G- bacteria.

ex. Aztreonam.

39
Q

Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin are examples of which type of antibiotic?

A

Flouroquinolones–inhibits DNA gyrase

40
Q

Flagyl (Metronidazole) is what type of antibiotic?

A

Nitromidazole–it reduces then destroys the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA.

41
Q

What is used to treat meningitis emergencies?

A

Chloramphenicol. however, can cause aplastic anemia.

42
Q

What did Selman Waksman and Albert Schatz discover in 1943?

A

Aminoglycoside, streptomycin, the first antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis.

43
Q

What are some nasty side effects of aminoglycosides?

A

Vertigo, hearing loss, kidney damage

44
Q

What antibiotic doesn’t work well with dairy products?

A

Tetracyclines,, because they chelate with the divalent cations (Ca2+ ions).

45
Q

What antibiotic is often given to people with penicillin allergies?

A

Macrolides, such as rthromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin.

myBYU 2016 (13 decks)

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