All Diseases Flashcards
What agent causes Rheumatic Fever
Streptococcus pyogenes
What type of agent causes Rheumatic Fever?
Gram positive bacteria in chains.
How is Rheumatic Fever transmitted?
Sequela from strep infection.
What are symptoms of Rheumatic Fever?
Carditis (inflammaitonof the heart) Polyarthritis subcutaneous skin nodules chorea--jerk muscle movements erythema marginatum (redness)
What is Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS)?
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How is this STSS transmitted?
Super absorbent tampons in too long
or
Dental extraction cotton packed after extraction. Keeping the cotton in too long.
What are the symptoms of STSS?
High fever vomitting chills profuse watery diarhea sore throoat Myalgias-- rash may appear desquammation of skin progress to sever shock, respiratory distress syndrome ...... ....... .....
What bacteria causes Anthrax?
Bacillus………..
What type of agent causes Anthrax?
gram positive spore-forming rods … box shaped….
What are the methods of transmisssion of Anthrax
infected animal (20% lethal
Cutaneous (95% lethal)
Pulmonary (??% lethal)
intestinal (??% lethal)
Person to person transmission is rare
What are the signs and sympotoms of Anthrax?
Cutaneous
Raised, itchy papule, resembling insect bite within 2-5 d
1-2 days later, vesicle, then painless ulcer (1-3cm) with black eschar/scab, necrotic center
Adjacent lymphadenopathytoxemia, bacteremia
Hemorrhagic mediastinitis, hemorrhagic thoracic lymphadenitis, hemorrhagic meningitis
Pulmonary
Resembles common cold
Hemorrhagic mediastinitis, hemorrhagic thoracic lymphadenitis, hemorrhagic meningitis
After several days, severe breathing problems, shock, death
Intestinal
Acute inflammation of intestinal tract
Nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, fever
Abdominal pain, vomiting of blood, severe diarrhea
How do you treat anthrax?
Ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, penicillin
Natural B. anthracis strains are resistant to broad-spectrum cephalosporins.
How can you prevent anthrax infections?
Vaccination Inactivated, cell-free product made from nonencapsulated attenuated strain. Live attenuated strain in former USSR. Protective antigen (PA) is the antigenic molecule 6-dose series Active and reserve US military Will take years to make enough for civilian use. Standard barrier isolations HEPA masks Appropriate biosafety level 2 conditions Hypochlorite Proper burial of humans and animals Prefer cremation
What is the causative agent of Gangrene? and what type of agent is this?
Clostridium sp. (particularly C. perfringens)
Gram positive, anaerobic, spore-forming rods
How is Gangrene transmitted?
For gas gangrene, loss of blood supply and infection of wound with C. perfringens bacteria.
What are the signs and symptoms of Gas Gangrene?
Pain, swelling
Fermentation causes gas production (crepitation) and lower pH
Increased vascular permeability, shock
Why is gangrene from frost-bite so common?
spores in soil in contact with injured wounds on feet.
What are the signs and symptoms of anaerobic cellulitis (Clostridia infection)? (ie gangrene).
Rapid progression of subcutaneous infection
No myonecrosis
Production of gas (more than gas gangrene)
Suppuration-leaking of fluids
Pain, swelling absent
Not as serious as gas gangrene and easier to treat
How do you treat gas gangrene?
Initiate immediately
Debulking (prevents further anaerobiosis)
Resection of muscle groups, amputation
Abx; protein synthesis inhibitors
clindamycin, cephalosporins, penicillins
Hyperbaric O2
Polyvalent antitoxin—used historically, but ineffective
How can you prevent gangrene?
Prompt cleaning of serious wounds
Prophylactic use of antibiotics (penicillin).
What is the causative agent of Plauge?
Yersinia pestis
(look like saftey pins)
Gram negative rods
How is the plauge transmitted?
Bubonic plague (Black Death): flea bite
Pneumonic plague: aerosolized droplets
Ceptacemic plauge….
What is the pathogenesis of the plague.
Rats are resivour
fleas are vector, bite infected rat
Bacteria multiply in foregut until the block the proventriculus.
Host rat dies and fleas seek new host
Infectd flea regurgitates bacteria into new bite wound
New host (rat or human) develops bubonic plague.
If bubonic plague develops into secondary pneumonia (by bacteremic spread to lungs) coughing can lead to droplet spread and pneumonic plague.
What are the symptoms of bubonic plague?
Incubation 2-7 days
Onset
–Fever,
–buboes (swollen lymph nodes)
Without treatment
- -50-75% patients
- -Bacteremia to G- septic shock to death
- -Takes hours to days
- -5% develop pneumonic plague with mucoidy, bloody sputum
What are the symptoms of pneumonic plague?
Shorter duration (2-3 days)
Fever, malaise, tightness in chest
Cough with mucoidy, bloody sputum, dyspnea, cyanosis and death on 2nd or 3rd day
No survivors without specific therapy
What is the treatment of the Plauge?
Streptomycin
Tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides
Requires timely treatment
What are common preventative measure for the Plauge?
Urban cycle control
- Rat control
- Insecticides
- Chemoprophylaxis
- Vaccination
- -Formalin-killed bacteria
Sylvatic cycle control
- Too difficult to control vectors
- Avoid dead or sick rodents and rabbits
What is spirochete and what is an example?
Spiral bacteria structure. Borrelia burgdorferi.
What are erythema migrans?
Concentric circles, bullseye rash/lesion. found in 50% of cases of lyme disease.
What is the antibiotic of choice to treat lyme disease?
doxycycline.
