antibiotics

Question 1

do antibiotics kill virus’

Answer 1

no

Question 2

how does resistance develop

Answer 2

if they are not used properly

Question 3

what is a problem with antibiotics

Answer 3

running out of effective ones and overuse

Question 4

two classification of bacteria

Answer 4

gram positive and gram negative

Question 5

gram positive

Answer 5

cocci, purple- s.aureus

Question 6

gram negative

Answer 6

bacilus, red- E-coli

Question 7

two types of actions of antibiotics

Answer 7

Bacteriocidal, Bacteriastatic

Question 8

bacteriocidal

Answer 8

Bacteria are killed. the cell wa;;pf bacterium fails to form so bacterial content leaks out

Question 9

bacteriastatic

Answer 9

Antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis in the bacteria. This stops growth of the population so that the body can produce antibodies and T-killer cells can fight the infection.

Question 10

why not toxic to eukaryotics

Answer 10

larger 80s ribosome

Question 11

conjunction (horizontal transmission)

Answer 11

occurs when one bacterial cell transfers DNA to another bacterial cell.

Question 12

vertical transmission

Answer 12

bacteria divide by BINARY FISSION DNA is passed from mother to daughter cells.

Question 13

Staphylocus aureus

Answer 13

kill WBG, fast growing, a problem in wounds of immunocompromised patients, or trauma from catheter.

Question 14

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 14

long course of antibiotics, slow growing, slow growing,TB has a resistance router coat, problem in developing country due to problems with funding .

Question 15

Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that is present in the gut of up to 3% of healthy adults and 66% of healthy infants.C. difficile rarely causes problems, either in healthy adults or in infants. This is because its numbers are kept low by competition with harmless bacteria that normally live in the intestine.Use this information to explain why some patients treated with antibiotics can be affected by C. difficile.

Answer 15

Antibiotics kill other bacteria / Clostridium is resistantLess/no competition so (Clostridium) reproduces/replicates/multiplies/incre ases in number;

Question 16

Suggest why older people are more likely to be affected by C. difficile.

Answer 16

Immune system less effective / more likely to have other infections/been in hospital

Question 17

The antibiotic methicillin inhibits the enzyme transpeptidase. This enzyme is used by some bacteria to join monomers together during cell wall formation. Methicillin has a similar structure to these monomers. Use this information to explain how methicillin inhibits the enzyme transpeptidase

Answer 17

Attaches to active site (of enzyme)(Methicillin) is a competitive inhibitor / prevents monomers/substrate attaching (to enzyme)

Question 18

Describe how gene transmission and selection have increased the difficulty of treatingbacterial infections with antibiotics.

Answer 18

1. (Antibiotic) resistant gene/allele2. Vertical (gene) transmission3. Resistant bacteria (survive and) reproduce / population of resistant bacteria increases4. Increase in frequency of (resistant) allele/gene (in future generations)5. Horizontal (gene) transmission6. Plasmid7. Conjugation / pilus (tube)8. (Horizontal transmission/ conjugation) can occur between bacteria of different species