antibiotics

Question 1

Penicillin is a….

Answer 1

beta lactam

Question 2

cephalosporins are…

Answer 2

beta lactams

Question 3

carbapenems are…

Answer 3

beta lactams

Question 4

What is the mechanism of action of Penicillins?

Answer 4

Cell wall disruption in actively dividing cells

Question 5

What types of organism are sensivitive to penicillins?

Answer 5

gram +ve cocci - Streptococcus

Gram -ve cocci/bacilli - Listeria

Spirochetes - Syphilis

Question 6

Co-amoxiclav contains which additional agent? Why

Answer 6

Clauvulanic acid, this prevents the action of beta lactamases produced by resistant microbes.

Also used in staph infecions

Question 7

What are the general uses of Penicilins?

Answer 7

Broad: RTI’s. UTI’s, Skin and ear infections

Question 8

Name the potential side-effects of penicillin use…

Answer 8

hypersensitivity:
In 10 % (0.2% anaphylaxis)

Diarrhoea

Question 9

Cephadrine and Cephalexin have uses in what sort of conditions?

Answer 9

These 1st generation cephalosporins are used skin/soft tissue infection

Question 10

Cefuroxime is used to treat what?

Answer 10

This 2nd generation cephalosporin is used in C.A. Pneumonia

Question 11

Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are used in what?

Answer 11

3rd Gen Cephs, these are for meningitis and pseudomonas

Question 12

Name 2 macrolides

Answer 12

Erythromycin Clarithromycin

Note the -romycin suffix

Question 13

how do macrolides work?

Answer 13

they inhibit protein synthesis

Question 14

What is the side effect profile of Macrolides as a group?

Answer 14

Inhibit liver metabolism of warfarin and statins
 - may induce OD
D and V
Liver dysfunction
Arrythmias

Question 15

Name 2 Quinolones

Answer 15

Ciproflaxicin, Levofloxacin

Question 16

How do quinolones work?

Answer 16

inhibition of DNA coiling

Question 17

What is the spectrum of the quinolones group?

Answer 17

Generally broad spectrum, although second line

-only effective oral treatment for pseudomonas (as a group)

Question 18

What can inhibit ciprofloxacin?

Answer 18

Metals

Question 19

What are the contraindications for use of Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin?

Answer 19

Epilepsy - reduced fever threshold

Children

Question 20

With which anticoagulant can quinolones interact?

Answer 20

Warfarin - can potentiate it’s effects

Question 21

Name 2 tetracyclines

Answer 21

Doxycycline Oxytetracycline

Question 22

How do tetracyclines work?

Answer 22

inhibition of protein synthesis

Question 23

What are tetracyclines used to treat?

Answer 23

Skin and soft tissue infection

Acne

Question 24

What are the contraindications to tetracycline use?

Answer 24

Children

Breastfeeding women

Pregancy

Can be incorporated into bones and teeth causing discolouration and growth stunting

Question 25

Name a side effect of tetracycline use

Answer 25

photosensitivity

Question 26

Name 3 aminoglycosides

Answer 26

Gentamicin Tobramycin and Amikacin

Question 27

How do aminoglycosides work?

Answer 27

enter via 02 dependent transport system and inhibit protein synthesis .: no action vs. anaerobes

Question 28

What are aminoglycosides used in? how are they administered?

Answer 28

RTI and TB | I.V

Question 29

What are the side effects of aminoglycoside use?

Answer 29

Ototoxicity especially in the elderly Nephrotoxicity

Question 30

What is the mechanism of action of trimethoprim?

Answer 30

Inhibition of folate production

Question 31

How does metronidazole work?

Answer 31

it causes DNA damage

Question 32

Against what sort of organisms is metronidazole effective? | Where might such infections occur?

Answer 32

Anaerobes Abdo, perineal, GI

Question 33

What are the side effects of Metronidazole?

Answer 33

Vomiting, tachycardia and dyspnoea if taken with alcohol Rash and metallic taste

Question 34

How does Rifampicin work?

Answer 34

It inhibits RNA production

Question 35

Name a disease that Rifampicin is used to treat...

Answer 35

TB | in conjunction with isoniazid and pyrazinamide

Question 36

Side effects and interactions of Rifampacin include....

Answer 36

P450 induction increased metabolism of P450 metabolised drugs Thromboembolism risk in warfarin Stains contact lenses orange

Question 37

Isoniazid is used in.....

Answer 37

TB combination therapy

Question 38

Give an example of 2 glycopeptides....

Answer 38

Vancomycin teicoplanin

Question 39

How do glycopeptides work?

Answer 39

inhibit cell wall production and damage cytoplasm

Question 40

What diseases can be treated with Vancomycin

Answer 40

MRSA resistant C.Diff

Question 41

How is vancomycin administered?

Answer 41

I.V.

Question 42

What is the side effect profile of Vancomycin?

Answer 42

Ototoxicity Nephtotoxicity Red man syndrome

Question 43

What is red man syndrome?

Answer 43

An infusion reaction consisting of, flushing and/or erythematous rash affecting the face, neck and upper torso due to non-specific mast cell degranulation. Hypotension and angioedema may also occur.