Antibiotics Flashcards
0
Q
What antibiotics are bacteriostatic?
A
We're ECSTaTiC about bacteriostatics. Erythromycin Clindamycin Sulfamethoxazole Trimethoprim Tetracycline Chloramphenicol
1
Q
What antibiotics are bactericidal?
A
Very Finely Proficient At Cell Murder Vancomycin Fluoroquinolones Penicillins Aminoglycosides Cephalosporins Metronidazole
2
Q
Beta-lactam antibiotics inhibits what reaction?
A
Transpeptidation Reaction
3
Q
What drugs are anti-pseudomonal?
A
TCP
Ticarcillin
Carbenicillin
Piperacillin
4
Q
What are the 1st gen cephalosporins?
A
FADer, help me FAZ my PHarmacology boards! CeFADroxil CeFAZolin CePHalotin CePHapirin CePHadrin CePHalexin
5
Q
What microbes are covered by 1st Gen Cephalosporins?
A
PEK 1st
Proteus mirabilis
E. Coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
6
Q
What microbes are covered by 2nd Gen Cephalosporins?
A
HEN PEK H. Influenzae Enterobacter aerogenes Neisseria spp Proteus mirabilis E. Coli Klebsiella pneumoniae
7
Q
What drugs are classified under 2nd gen cephalosporins?
A
In a FAMily gathering, you see your FOXY cousin wearing FUR coat and drinking TEA. CeFAMandole CeFOXitin CeFURoxime CefoTEtan
FAC! Lora the PROfessional Azhole is still on the FONe! CeFAClor LORAcarbef CefPROzil CefmetAZOLE CeFONizid
8
Q
Which Cephalosporin crosses the BBB?
A
CeFURoxime
9
Q
What antibiotic drugs inhibit protein synthesis?
A
buy AT 30, CELLS at 50 Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Erythromycin (Macrolides) Lincosamides (Clindamycin) Linezolid Streptogramins
10
Q
Give an example of a streptogramin
A
Quinupristin-Dalfopristin
11
Q
What is streptogramin used for?
A
Drug resistant gram+ cocci
MRSA, VRSA, VRE
12
Q
Which antibiotics have post antibiotic effect?
A
Aminoglycosides
Fluoroquinolones
13
Q
Which aminoglycoside has the narrowest therapeutic window?
A
Amikacin
14
Q
Which antibiotic require Oxygen, thus will not work against anaerobic bacteria?
A
Aminoglycosides require O2 for transport
15
Q
What is the mechanism of action of Tetracyclines?
A
Blocks attachment of T-RNA to acceptor site
16
Q
All macrolides inhibit CYP450 except?
A
Azithromycin
17
Q
Differentiate Clindamycin vs Metronidazole in terms of coverage in the body
A
Clindamycin for anaerobic infections above the diaphragm
Metronidazole for below the diaphragm
18
Q
Give examples of Aminoglycosides and their side effects
A
Mean GNATS caNNOT kill anaerobes Gentamycin Neomycin Amikacin Tobramycin Streptomycin Side effects: Neuromuscular blockade Nephrotoxic Ototozic Teratogen
19
Q
What is the dreaded side effect of Neomycin?
A
Hepatic Encephalopathy
20
Q
Give 2 examples of antifolate antibiotics
A
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim
21
Q
What 2 drugs are considered most vestibulotoxic and nephrotoxic?
A
Gentamycin
Tobramycin
22
Q
What antibiotic is considered most ototoxic?
A
Kanamycin and Amikacin
23
Q
What enzyme is inhibited by Sulfonamides?
A
Dihydropteroate synthase
24
What enzyme is inhibited by Trimethoprim?
Dihydrofolate reductase
25
What abtibiotic cause kernicterus
Co-Trimoxazole and
| Silver Sulfadiazine
26
What is the drug of choice for PCP pneumonia?
Co-Trimoxazole
27
What is another name for Topoisomerase II?
DNA gyrase
28
What is the histologic sign of Kernicterus?
Bilirubin deposits in subcortical nuclei and basal ganglia
29
What is the clinical presentation of kernicterus?
Hypo/hypertonia
Lethargy
High-pitched cry
Opisthotonos
30
What is the MOA of fluroquinolones against Gram - organisms?
Blocks Topoisomerase II and blocks relaxation of supercoiled DNA
31
Wha is the MOA of fluoroquinolones against gram + organisms?
Blocks topoisomerase IV and interferes with the separation of replicated chromosomal DNA during cell division
32
What are the 3 mechanisms of resistance against fluroquinolones?
Production of Efflux pumps
Changes in porin structure
Changed in sensitivity of the target enzymes via point mutations in the antibiotic binding regions
33
What is the dreaded side effect of Ciprofloxacin?
Tendonitis and Tendon Rupture
34
What drug enhances the toxicity of Ciprofloxacin?
Methylxanthines (Theophylline)
35
What fluroquinolone cause Diabetes?
Gatifloxacin
36
What fluoroquinolone cause hepatotoxicity?
Trovafloxacin
37
What 2 important side effects of Metronidazole?
Metallic Taste and Disulfiram reaction
38
Nitrofurantoin can be used for UTI except for these 2 microbes?
Proteus and Pseudomonas
39
Most important drug used in TB
Isoniazid
40
MOA of Isoniazid
Inhibits Mycolic Acid Synthesis
41
What should you administer to pxs taking Isoniazid to prevent neurotoxicity?
Pyridoxine (Vit B6)
42
What is the MOA of Rifampicin?
Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
43
Describe Rifampicin
RNA polymerase inhibitor
Red-Orange Body fluids
Rapid development of resistance
Revs up CYP450 (inducer)
44
What is the known side effect of Ethambutol?
Causes Red-Green Color Blindness
45
What is the MOA of Ethambutol?
Inhibits Arabinosyl Transferases involved in the synthesis of arabinogalactan in mycobacterial cell wall
46
Most hepatotoxic Anti-TB Drug
Pyrazinamide
47
Also known as a sterilizing agent
Pyrazinamide
48
Which anti-TB drugs are hepatotoxic?
Isoniazid < Rifampicin < Pyrazinamide
49
What 2 drugs cause Methemoglobinemia?
Dapsone
| Prilocaine
50
Drug used for sulfone resistant Leprosy
Clofazimine
51
Prophylactic drugs for Atypical Mycobacteria
Clarithromycin or Azithromycin with or without Rifabutin in patients with CD4 counts less than 50/L
52
Treatment for Atypical Mycobacteria
Azithromycin or Clarithromycin with Ethambutol or Rifabutin
53
Drug used for systemic fungal infections
Amphotericin B
54
Common side effects of Amphotericin B?
Infusion Reactions, Nephrotoxicity and RTA with Mg and K wasting
55
A pyrimidine metabolite used for Chromoblastomycosis (Madura Foot)?
Flucytosine
56
An azole used for Chromoblastomycosis (Madura Foot)?
Itraconazole
57
An azole used for chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis or dermatophytosis
Ketoconazole
58
Used as salvage therapy for Invasive Aspergillosis
Caspofungin
59
What is the MOA of Caspofungin?
Inhibits B-Glucan synthase decreasing fungal cell wall synthesis
60
Drug of choice for cryptococcal meningitis?
Fluconazole
61
What is the MOA of Griseofulvin?
Interferes with microtubule function
| Inhibits synthesis and polymerization of nucleic acids
62
What is the MOA of Terbinafine?
Interfere with ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting fungal SQUALENE OXIDASE
63
What is Terbinafine used for?
Onychomychosis and Dermatophytosis
64
What is the MOA of Nystatin?
Binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, forming artificial pores
65
How is Nystatin used?
```
SWISH and SWALLOW
For Candidiasis (Oral, Esophageal, Vaginal)
```
66
Drug used for Pityriasis versicolor
Clotrimazole (topical)
67
Drug used against HSV-1 HSV-2 and VZV with activity
Acyclovir
68
What is the MOA of Acyclovir?
Activated by viral Thymidine kinase to forms that inhibit viral DNA polymerase
69
Drug of choice for CMV Retinitis?
Cifodovir
70
Drug used for HSV infections in patients with AIDS
Foscarnet
71
What is the MOA of Foscarnet?
Inhibits viral RNA polymerase, DNA polymerase and HIV reverse transcriptase by binding to PYROPHOSPHATE binding sites
72
What is the usual cocktail in HAART?
2 NRTI + 1 Protease inhibitor
73
Give examples of NRTIs
Zidovudine, Abacavir, Didabosine, Stavudinir and Zalcitabine
74
What is the side effect of Zidovudine?
Lactic acidosis with hepatic steatosis
| Bone marrow suppression
75
What is the side effect Abacavir?
Hypersensitivity
76
What is the side effect Didanosine?
Pancreatitis
77
What is the side effect Stavudinr and Zalcitabine?
Peripheral Neuropathy
78
Give examples of NNRTIs
Delavirdine, Nevirapine, Efavirenz, and Etravirine
79
What is the side effect of Delavirdine and Nevirapine?
Rash
| Increased ALT/AST
80
What is the side effect of Efavirenz?
Teratogenicity
81
What is the side effect of Etravirine?
Increased cholesterol and TGs
82
Give examples of Antiviral drugs that are protease inhibitors
Indinavir, Saquinacir, Atazanavir, and Amprenavir
83
What is the side effect of Indinavir?
Hyperbilirubinemia and Nephrolithiasis
84
What is the side effect of Saquinavir?
GI distress and diarrhea
85
What is the side effect of Atazanivir?
Peripheral Neuropathy
86
What is the side effect Amprenavir?
Rash
87
What is the MOA of Enfuvirtide?
Binds to gp41 subunit of viral envelope glycoprotein, preventing fusion of viral and cellular membranes
88
What is the MOA of Maraviroc?
Blocks viral attachment via transmembrane chemokine receptor CCR5
89
Give examples of drugs for Influenza virus
Amantadine/Rimantidine and Oseltamivir/Zanamivir
90
What is the MOA of Amantidine?
Inhibits early step replication and prevent uncoating by binding to M2 Protein Channels
91
What is the MOA of Oseltamivir?
Inhibitis Neuraminidase which decrease release of progeny virus
92
What is the known side effect of Amantadine?
Livedo reticularis
93
What other drugs cause Livedo Reticularis?
```
A Man reads fHM and GQ
Amantidine
Hydroxyurea
Minocycline
Gemcitabine
Quinidine
```
94
What is the MOA OF interferon Alpha?
Degrades viral RNA via activation of host cell RNAse (ribonuclease)
95
Drug used for HBV HCV, Kaposi Sarcoma and Genital Warts
Interferon Alpha
96
What is the MOA of Lamivudine?
Inhibits HBV DNA polymerase
97
What is the MOA of Ribavirin?
Inhibits guanosine triphosphate formation
Prevents capping of viral mRNA
Blocks RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
98
Give 3 drugs for HBV and HCV
Interferon-alpha
Lamivudine
Ribavirin
99
What is the drug of choice for tissue schizonts?
Primaquine
100
1st line drug for non-falciparum malaria?
Chloroquine
101
What is the MOA of Chloroquine?
Prevents polymerization of heme into Hemozoin
102
Give examples of blood schizontocides
```
Chloroquine
Quinine
Mefloquine
Halofantrine
Artemsinin
Doxycycline
Sulfadoxine
```
103
Drug of choice for malaria in pregnant patients
Quinine
104
What drugs are used to combine with Quinine to prevent toxicities?
Doxycycline or Clindamycin
105
Chemoprophylaxis for chloroquine-resistant areas
Mefloquine
106
What is the known side effect of Quinine?
Cinchonism
107
What is Cinchonism?
Headache
Tinnitus
Vertigo
108
What 2 drugs should not be taken with milk?
Doxycycline
| Tetracycline
109
Anti-malarial used for P. Ovale and P. vivax?
Primaquine
110
Treatment and prophylaxis for Chloroquine-resistant P. Falciparum?
Atovaquone-Proguanil (Malarone)
111
A blood schizontocide and sporonticide
Sulfadocine - Pyrimethamine (Sporonticide)
112
Chemoprophylaxis for multi-drug resistant malaria
Doxycycline
113
Drug of choice for severe falciparum malaria
Quinidine
114
Drug of choice for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in the Philippines
Co-Artem (Lumafentrine + Artemether)
115
What is the MOA of Artemether?
Forms toxic radicals in malarial food vacuole
116
What is the drug of choice for Asymptomatic Intestinal Amoebiasis?
Diloxanide Furoate
117
What is the drug of choice for severe intestinal and extraintestinal amoebiasis?
Metronidazole
118
What is the backup drug for severe intestinal and extraintestinal amoebiasis?
Emetine
119
Give 3 examples of Luminal Agents
Diloxanide furoate
Iodoquinol
Paromomycin
120
2nd line drug for asymptomatic amoebiasis?
Paromomycin
121
Drug of choice for PCP pneumonia
Co-Trimoxazole
| Pentamidine (2nd)
122
Drug of choice for Toxoplasmosis
Pyrimethamine-Sulfadiazine
123
Drug of choice for Chagas Disease
Nifurtimox
124
Drug of choice for Cryptosporidiosis
Nitazoxanide
125
Drug of choice for West African Trypanosomiasis
Early: Pentamidine
CNS: Eflornithine
126
Drug of choice for East African Trypanosomiasis (early & CNS)?
Early: Suramin
CNS: Melarsoprol
127
Drug of choice for Leishmaniasis except in India
Sodium Stibogluconate
128
All cestodes are treated with ____ except ____?
Praziquantel
| Echinococcus granulosus
129
What is the drug of choice for Echinococcus granulosus?
Albendazole
130
All trematodes are treated with ?
Praziquantel
131
What parasites can eradicate Ascaris, Necator, Ancylostoma and Capillaria?
Albendazole
132
Tx of Trichuris
Mebendazole
133
Tx for pinworm?
Pyrantel Pamoate
134
Tx for Strongyloides
Ivermectin
135
Tx for Wuchereria and Brugia (Filariasis)?
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)
136
Tx for Trichinella
Thiabendazole
137
Which organs does Wichereria and Brugia affect?
Watch my scrotum Become Engorged
Wuchereria - Scrotum
Brugia - Elephantiasis
138
Drug of choice for Hydatid Disease
Albendazole
139
What procedure is used for Hydatid Disease?
PAIR procedure
140
Drug of choice for whipworm?
Mebendazole (Trichuris)
141
Alternative drug for cestode infections?
Niclosamide
