Antibiotics

Question 1

Define antibiotics

Answer 1

Antibiotics are a group of medicines used to inhibit the growth of or destroy microorganism that cause infections.

Question 2

Antibiotics are morphologically classified

Answer 2

as cocci (monococci, diplococci etc.) or Rods

Question 3

Gram +ve organisms are mostly ________

Answer 3

cocci i.e. streptococcus, staphylococcus and enterococcus species. Listeria is a coccal bacilli.

Question 4

Gram –ve organism are mostly _________

Answer 4

rod i.e. lactose fermenters (such as E. Coli, Klebsiella and enterobactor) and non-lactose fermenters (pseudomonas, proteus etc.). although Neisseria is a gram negative organism it’s a cocci and sensitive to Penicillin G.

Question 5

Examples of lactose fermenters

Answer 5

(such as E. Coli, Klebsiella
and enterobactor)

Question 6

Examples of non-lactose fermenters

Answer 6

(pseudomonas, proteus etc.)

Question 7

Anaerobes classified into ________and ________

Answer 7

below the diaphragm (clostridium, bacteroides) and above the
diaphragm (actinomyces, peptostreptococcus).

Question 8

Examples of atypical microorganisms

Answer 8

chlamydia species, Rickettsia, mycoplasma and legionella.

Atypical bacteria are bacteria that do not get colored by gram-staining but rather remain colorless: they are neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative. These include the Chlamydiaceae, Legionella and the Mycoplasmataceae; the Spirochetes and Rickettsiaceae are also often considered atypical.
Antibiotics that cover atypical a (FAT)
F- fluoroquinolone
A- azithromycin
T- tetracyclines

Question 9

Presentation of an infection

Answer 9

• Fever (malignancies, viruses or autoimmune disease) >38 high grade or low grade

• Raised WCC (lymphocytes, neutrophils or eosinophils) (A high white blood cell count may indicate several things, such as the immune system is working to destroy an infection, a sign of physical or emotional stress, or particular types of cancer) In general, for adults a count of more than 11,000 white blood cells in a microliter of blood is considered high.

• Raised C-reactive proteins –signifies presence of active inflammation (A high CRP is more than 10mg/L. This shows that there is inflammation somewhere in your body)

• Local sign (swelling, redness, cellulitis etc.)

• Raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate.(Erythrocytosis, sometimes called polycythaemia, means having a high concentration of red blood cells in your blood. This makes the blood thicker and less able to travel through blood vessels and organs) A normal RBC count would be around: men – 4.0 to 5.9 x 1012/L. women – 3.8 to 5.2 x 1012/L.