Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pharm 516 > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Gram Positive Aerobes

A 
COCCI
Clusters - staphylococci
Pairs - S. pneumoniae
chains - group and viridans streptococci
pairs and chains - Enterococcus sp.
BACILLI
Bacillus sp.
Corynebacterium sp
Listeria monocytogenes
Nocardia sp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gram-Negative Aerobes

A 
COCCI
Morexella catarrhalis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae
BACILLI
E. coli, Enterobacter sp
Citrobacter, Klebsiella sp
Proteus sp., Serratia
Salmonella, Shigella
Acinetobacter, Helicobacter
Pseudomonas aerusinosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Above the diaphragm Anaerobes

A 
Peptococcus
Peptostreptococcus
Prevotella
Veillonella
Actinomyces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anaerobes below the diaphragm

A

Clostridium perfringens, tetani and diff.
Bacteroides fragilis, disastonis, ovatus, thetaiotamicron
Fusobacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Atypical Bacteria

A

Legionella pneumophila
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Spirochetes - Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Skin/soft tissue infection causing bacteria

A

S. aureus, S. pyogenes
S. epidermidis
Pasteurella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bone and Joint infection causing bacteria

A

S. aureus, S. epidermidis
Streptococci
N. gonorrheoeae
Gram-negative rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Abdomen bacteria causing infection

A

E. coli, proteus
Klebsiella
Enterococcus
Bacteroides sp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bacteria causing Urinary tract infection

A

E. coli, Proteus
Klebsiella
Enterococcus
Staph saprophyticus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Upper respiratory infection causing bacteria

A

S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
M. catarrhalis
S. pyogenes

H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lower respiratory Community infection caused by which bacteria

A 
S.pneumoniae
H. influenzae
K pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila
Mycoplasma, Chlamydia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Meningitis

A 
S. pneumoniae
N. meningitidis
H. influenza
Group B Strep
E. coli
Listeria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

systems commonly adversely effected by anti-infective therapy

A

neuro/CNS - potential for seizure and neurotoxicity, esp in elderly and CKD, drug accumulates quickly, adjust dose. CIPRO is classic, meripenem and eripenim
nephro - most common
GI (direct toxic effect to cells),
hepatic - some toxic to liver cells, hepatitis or liver failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Broad Spec penicillins
beta-lactamase inhib (PCN)
common combinations of these

A

amoxicillin (oral) Ampicillin (IV)
Clavulanic acid, Sulbactam
Amox/Clav acid - AUGMENTIN
ampicillin/sulbactam - UNISYN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hypersensitivity reaction

A

rash, pruritus, fever, urticaria
mild allergic reaction
anaphylaxic-5-10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

First Gen cephalosporins, examples, used for what?

A

same gram + as penicillicn
cefazolin (IV, IM) = ANCEF
cephalexin / KEFLEX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

2nd Gen cephalosporins, examples, used for what?

A

H. flu, Nesseria, Entreobacter aerogenes
less effective against gran +
cefixitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

3rd Gen cephalosporins, example, used for what

A

gonorrhea, PID, PNA,
weak gram +
potent against gram-
Serratia marcenscens
cefotaxime (neonates, intra ab, diabetic)
cefpodoxime (oral)
CEFTRIAXONE - the best one, once a day dosing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

4th gen cephalosporins, example, used for what

A

gram- bacteria,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

keflex

A

1st gen,

look this up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cefoxitin

A

2nd gen cephalosporin

look this up

22
Q

cephalosporin CI

A

allergies to cephalosporins and penicillins

if hypersensitivity rxn to PCN, like rash/pruritis, ok to give cephalosporins

23
Q

cephalosporin AE and drug-drug

A

GI - n/v/d, abd pain, flatulence, anorexia
CNS - HA, dizzy, lethargy, paresthesias
Renal - nephrotoxicity in indiv with pre-existing renal disease
hypersensitivity
ETOH- disulfiram-like rxn with some
AE can occur up to 72 h after d/c

24
Q

monobactams

A

Aztreonam
Used for gram neg aerobes, not active against Gram + or anaerobes
ONLY one that can be used if PCN or cephalosporin allergies
Gram -
E. coli, H, influ, M catarrhalis, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Shigella
seudomonas aeruginosa

25
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

bacteriocidal, very potent, little resistance
severe SE
all IV or nebulized
Gentamycin, Tobramycin
SE OTOTOXICITY, RENAL TOXICITY, can progress to renal failure, elderly more susceptible, dose and duraiton related
CNS - irreversible deafness, confusion, depression, numbness, tingling, weakness, paralysis
HEMA - bone marrow suppression,, immune suppression, super-infection
WEAR SUNSCREEN, photosensitivity, rash/urticaria, exfoliative dermatitis
Cardiac - palpitations, hypotension or HTN
drug-drug- Diuretics
Synergistic, with PCN

26
Q

Examples of macrolides, and use

A 
Azythromycin (bronchitis, COPD)
Clarithromycin (H. pylori protocol only, cheap)
Erythromycin (OB prefer this)
Streptococcal infection
Mycoplasma infection
Listeria
GROUP A BETA HEMOLYTI strep infection
27
Q

macrolide CI, caution, AE

A

caution with hepatic dysfunction, lactating women/pregnancy
CI - allergy to any macrolide
AE - GI, abd cramping, diarrhea, vomitting, anorexia, pseudomembranous colitis
HEPATOTOXICITY - if taken with other hepatotoxic drugs
CNS - confusion, abnormal thinking, uncontrollable emotions

28
Q

Lincosamine, one drug

A

more toxic than macrolides, but similar

CLINDAMYCIN - most commonly assoc with C.diff, lots of GI SE

29
Q

Tetracyclines, examples, CI, precautions

A

long acting-
DOXYCYCLINE - good for MRSA, bronchitis, URI
MINOCYCLINE - Derm likes, antiinflammatory
Not recommended in preg/lactation
Avoid in kids < 8
AE - Photosensitivitiy and rash, GI-N/V/D, abd pain, glossitis, dysphagia. FETAL hepatotoxicity.
SKELETON - weakening of bone/teeth, staining, pitting
DRUG-DRUG; PCN (dec. PCN)
decreased effectiveness of OCPs
DIGOXIN toxicity
dairy binds to it, unabsorbable
take on empty stomach, 1h before food or 2-3 h after meal or meds

30
Q

fluoroquinolones

A

Broad spectrum of activity
good bioavailability
tissue penetration,
prolonged half-lives
RESISTENCE is a major issue
CIPROFLOXACIN (older) PO, IV, complicated UTI, second line or sulfa allergy, abd infection, below diaphragm
LEVOFLOXACIN - (newer) PO, IV, excellent for resp, $$
AE- GI, n/v/d/dyspepsia, CNS- HA, agitation, insomnia, dizzy, seizures (elderly), rare hallucinations
Hepatotoxicty - LFT elevation
Variable QTc complex

31
Q

Fluoroquinolones drug-drug interactions

A

zinc, iron, ca, aluminum, mag,
antacids, sucralfate, ENTERAL FEEDINGS will impair oral absorption, CLINICAL failure, 2 to 4 h interval
Theophylline and cyclosporine, inhib metabolism, inc levels, inc toxicity
WARFARIN - idiosyncratic

32
Q

Macrolides

A

Erythromycin, narrow spectrum, short 1/2 life, poor GI SE,

Clarithromycin and azithromycin - broader spectrum, longer half-life, availability, more toleratework d

33
Q

what good macrolides for? SE?

A

anaerobes (upper airway)
atypical bacteria - legionella, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, campylobacter, borrelia, bordetella, pasteurella
SE - GI, most common with erythro, QTc prolongation

34
Q

Clindamycin, uses, AE

A

gram +, C. diff, GI SE
gram + aerobes, MSSA, Strep pneumoniae- resistence is starting
Group and viridans streptococci
most freq caused c diff colitis (treat with metrondazole), N/v/d/d
rare hepatotoxicity and allergy

35
Q

Metronidazole, uses, AE

A

used for anaerobes
GI-n/v, stomatitis, metallic tast
CNS- MOST SERIOUS, peripheral neuro (if used long term), encephalopathy, seixures. caution with preexisting CNS d/o
Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, avoid preg, commonly used with BF

36
Q

Metronidazole drug-drug interactions

A 
warfarin, inc aticoag effect
etoh - disulfiram rxn
Phenytoing - inc phenytoin conc
Lithium, inc lithium conc
Phenobarbital, dec. metro conc
Rifampin - dec, metro conc
37
Q

Sulfonamides, moities, ci

A 
Different moeities
Sulfazalazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, sulfixoxazole
prevents the synthesis of folic acid
CI, thiazide diuretic allergy
CI in pregnancy, lactation
38
Q

sulfonamide SE

A

GI, n/v/d/abd pain, anorexia, stomatitis, hepatic injury d/t direct irritation of GIT
RENAL - crystalluria / proteinuria, hematuria –> can cause nephrotic syndrome (drink tons of water), dizzy, vertigo, ataxia, convulsions, depression (effects nerves)
HEMA-bone marrow depression
DERM - photosensitivity and rash and hypersensitivity
Take with food, no etoh

39
Q

specific anti-tubercular drugs

A

isoniazid (liver tox, rx with B6, or else peripheral neuritis)
rifampicin (lots of drug-drug, stain contacts, hepatitis, red-orange discoloration of secretions)
pyrazinamide (uric acid goes up, gout/preg prec)
ethambutol (optic neuritis, eye exam, not kids < 6 yo)
worry about liver impairment with all of these, check LFT periodically
multiple drugs to prevent resistence

40
Q

Abx in pregnancy relatively safe

A

PCN, cephalosporing, erythromycin base

41
Q

ABX in pregnancy, CI and caution

A

CAUTION
Bactrim (dong give 1st and 3rd), Metronidazole,
Aminoglycosides (could probably give), chloramphenicol (no, no)
CI
tetracyclines, erythromycin estolate, fluoroquinolones

42
Q

Amantadine and Rimantadine

A 
antiviral - inhibs strains of Influenza A
also used for parkinsons
must adjust for renal
can cause confusion, not commonly used
high conc in renal secretions
43
Q

interferons

A

host species specific
lmw proteins made my mammals in response to viral infections
produced by recombinant genetic techniques

44
Q

Interferon-alpha

A 
renders cells resistant to many viruses
used for Hep B and C
Hairy cell leukemia
Karpsoi's sarcoma
IV
AE; flu-like sx, depression, (responds to SSRI, should have MH care, caution if SI), hypotension
Hep C tx, combined with ribavirin, depends on virus genotype
long-acting; pegylated, once weekly
45
Q

Acyclovir, action, doses for diff. diseases

A

HSV>VZV>CMV>EBV, herpes viruses differ in their degree of sensitivity to ACV
inhibits DNA polymerase and blocks replication
200-400 mg HSV (very sensitive, suppression tx if >6/year)
VZV needs high dose 800 mg 4x/day
encephalitis IV only 700-800 mg (low absorption, IV to get to CNS)
drug resistence in immunocompromised hosts
drug resistent strains less virulent
topical doesn’t work
toxicity - well-tolerated, safe in pregnancy,
hydration imp if taking high doses, LOTS of WATER, could crystalize in high doses

46
Q

Amphotericin B

A

dont’ rx this, get ID consult,
nephrotoxicity - dec GFR, renal tubular acidosis, dec renal conc ability, hypoK, hypoMAG
infusion-related rxns - chills/rigors, fever, n/v, cardiorespiratory rxn, phlebitis
drug of choice for systemic fungal infection.

47
Q

Ketoconazole

A

tons of drug-drug, P450 very active

48
Q

injuries that decrease fungal defenses

A

cutaneous injury - catheters, burns, surgery
mucosal injury - mucositis, GI surgery, GI perf
FUNGAL factors - proteinases, phospholipases, lipases

49
Q

Fluconazole, use for what, clearance, AE,

A

C. albicans, C. tropicalis, NO C. krusei/Aspergillus
Renal clearance (80%)
Clearance - renal (80%)
AE N&V, hepatic

50
Q

Voriconazole

A

used to treat Aspergillus

AE: N/V, visual dist, hepatic, rash, QTC prolongation

51
Q

Echinocandin Antifungals

A

very safe, lon inc of hepatotoxicity, only IV
small drug-drug
micafungin more commonly used
used mostly in transplant or renal patient
anidulafungin - lots of etoh in each dose

pharm 516 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions